<?xml version="1.0" standalone="yes"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="css/rss.xslt"?>
<rss version="2.0" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:trackback="http://madskills.com/public/xml/rss/module/trackback/" xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/" xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/"><channel><title>无忧乙肝博客 - 随笔札记</title><link>http://www.51hbv.com/</link><description> - </description><generator>RainbowSoft Studio Z-Blog 1.8 Spirit Build 80722</generator><language>zh-CN</language><copyright>关于本博 | 联系邮箱：support@zmartsupply.com |  | 粤ICP备07059504号 | Powered By Z-Blog | A本博对原创内容采用创作共用版权协议，转载本博内容必须遵循“署名-非商业用途-保持一致”的创作共用协议。© 2008 无忧乙肝博客</copyright><pubDate>Tue, 07 Sep 2010 18:01:44 +0800</pubDate><item><title>住民充當毒物測試者珊瑚礁魚類中毒(Ciguatera Syndrome)</title><author>zhaoniupai@163.com (zhaoniupai)</author><link>http://www.51hbv.com/post/873.html</link><pubDate>Mon, 26 Apr 2010 06:51:53 +0800</pubDate><guid>http://www.51hbv.com/post/873.html</guid><description><![CDATA[<p><em><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 204, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="border-collapse: separate; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span">住民充當毒物測試者</span></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 204, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><font mstheme=""><b style=""><span>珊瑚礁魚類中毒</span></b></font></span></span></span></em><span style="color: rgb(153, 204, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><span lang="EN-US">(Ciguatera   Syndrome)</span></font></span></span><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">全球各地每年因珊瑚礁魚類中毒（ciguatera poisoning）受害人數至少有五萬人，目前已可利用實驗室檢驗珊瑚礁魚類中毒。</span></p><p><span style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; font-size: medium;" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 16px;" class="Apple-style-span"><p>但佛萊明發給法新社的電子郵件中並未明言那一個太平洋島國社會利用年長者充當白老鼠。她說：「我（且我相信我的同僚）曾從我們的南太平洋同僚口中聽到有關過去利用寵物甚至年長者當測試魚類毒性的某種生物鑒定方式的逸聞，但我想不出參考資料來源。」</p><p>但她援引的參考來源之一的澳洲昆士蘭大學的路易斯醫生表示，他亦曾聽說過這種作法。路易斯說：「在某些地區，一家之主必須吃自高風險海域捕到的魚俾証明安全無虞。有報告指出，家族中的年長成員亦試吃魚，這很可能亦發生在部分社區內。」</p><p>如果老人真的被太平洋島國住民充當毒物測試者，法新社派駐在這些地區的記者卻鮮少知悉這類情事，包括派駐在斐濟和馬紹爾群島等高風險地區的記者就從未碰到過。</p><p>但因中毒死亡案例卻很常見，去年吉里巴斯就有一一家六口因食用遭污染魚類中毒死亡。全球鮮少發生直接因珊瑚礁魚類中毒喪生案例，雖然科學家對死亡率到底有多少爭議不休，一位專家估計全數案例的死亡率約百分之零點一，但存在極大地區差異。</p><p>印度洋的珊瑚礁魚類中毒較具致命性，太平洋和加勒比海地區的珊瑚礁魚類中毒則對人體會有不同效應。</p><p>中毒的典型症狀於食用有毒魚類的四到八小時後出現。症狀包括身體虛弱、腹瀉、肌肉酸痛、關節疼痛以及嘴唇附近和手腳麻痺，有時冷熱感覺會顛倒錯亂等。</p></span></span></p><p>&nbsp;</p><p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><p><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">珊瑚礁魚類吃到珊瑚礁上含毒雙鞭 毛的微生物，導致毒素累積在魚體；人吃到最些毒魚，如果毒素夠量或是遇到較敏感的人，則會引發強烈中毒反應。有可能引起此種中毒的魚類超過三百種，死亡率 約</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">0.1%</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">。</font></span></p><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></span></span></p><p>&nbsp;</p><p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><p><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">典型的中毒症狀含腸胃症狀及神經 症狀兩部分，病人會有口腔四週、咽喉的感覺異常；四肢冷熱感覺相反、手拿冷飲卻感到熱；此二種特殊症狀加上腸胃炎，即可診斷此病。少部分病人，會有眼球運 動肌肉及四肢肌肉都可能麻痹。大部分人會有無法行走、肌肉無力、關節痛、頭痛及頭暈、噁心、嘔吐、腹瀉等症狀。心跳緩慢、低血壓也可能出現。在少數嚴重的 病人，可能會數週全身虛弱及感覺異常。</font></span></p><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman;">&nbsp;&nbsp;   </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">治療以支持性療法為主，給予每公 斤一公克的</span><span lang="EN-US">20%mannitol</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">，每小時的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">500ml</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">速度點滴注射可能有幫助，另外抗憂鬱劑也有人建議使用。</span></font></span></span></p><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">   </font><p><span style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; font-size: medium;" class="Apple-style-span"><h3 align="left"><strong><font face="arial">A neurotoxin called Ciguatera discovered in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome</font></strong></h3><p align="left" style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">This toxin can be produced internally in the human body or it can be acquired from fish and fish products which are contaminated with Ciguatera toxin. Cattle and chickens fed with contaminated fish can develop Ciguatera poisoning and pass this on to humans. Those people infected with the Ciguatera toxin are at high risk of developing Polymyositis. This combination (Ciguatera and Polymyositis) is destructive to muscle tissue, the CNS, brain, immune system and cellular ion channel pathways</span></font></p><p align="left" style="line-height: 24px;"><span style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="color: rgb(81, 81, 81); font-family: Arial,Helvetica; font-size: 13px;" class="Apple-style-span"><h2 style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; outline-width: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-family: inherit;" class="title">What is Ciguatera?</h2><p style="margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; outline-width: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-family: inherit;">Ciguatera poisoning, a clinical toxicological syndrome associated with the consumption of contaminated fish, results in a mixture of gastrointestinal, neurological and cardiovascular symptoms that may persist for months and sometimes even years. It has been recognized since the 15 th century. Although cases have been reported throughout the United States and Europe, epidemics are most common along tropical and subtropical coasts and usually involve the ingestion of large carnivorous fish. Es...</p><br /><br /><h2 style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; outline-width: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-family: inherit;" class="title">Side Effects</h2><p style="margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; outline-width: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-family: inherit;">Abdominal pain, abnormal bleeding, altered homocysteine levels, anemia, anxiety, arthralgias, coma, decreased length of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, delirium, depression, dermatitis, device expulsion, diarrhea, diminished concentration, discoloration of skin and hair, dyspareunia, fatigue, hyperactivity, hypertension, infection, insomnia, kidney failure, learning disabilities, memory lapses, myalgias, nausea, pain/cramps, pelvic inflammatory disease, postpartum psychosis, seizure,...</p><br /><br /><h2 style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; outline-width: 0px; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-family: inherit;" class="title">Reactions / Interactions</h2><p style="margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: 0px; outline-width: 0px; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-family: inherit;">Antacids, anticonvulsants, ethambutol (Myambutol�), nifedipine, oral contraceptives/estrogen replacement, penicillamine (Cuprimine�, Depen�), trientine (Syprine�, Trien�), zidovudine (Retrovir�, AZT), and herbs and supplement with similar effects.</p></span></span></p><font size="3"><ul>    <li>    <p style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><b><a href="http://www.ncf-net.org/library/Hokama-JClinLabAnal.htm" target="right">&quot;Chronic phase lipids in sera of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), chronic ciguatera fish poisoning (CCFP), hepatitis B, and cancer with antigenic epitope resembling ciguatoxin, as assessed with MAb-CTX.&quot;</a></b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i>J Clin Lab Anal</i>. (2003)&nbsp; (PDF file)<br />    Reported by National CFIDS Foundation, USA,&nbsp;<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a target="right" href="http://www.ncf-net.org/">www.ncf-net.org</a>&nbsp;</span></font></p>    </li>    <li>    <p style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><b><a href="http://www.ncf-net.org/library/JoTox-CPhaseLipids.htm" target="right">&quot;Chronic phase lipids in sera of several chronic diseases reacting with MAb-CTX (antibody to ciguatoxin)&quot;</a></b>&nbsp;<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i>Journal of Toxicology: Toxins Review<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></i>(2003) (PDF file)<br />    Reported by National CFIDS Foundation, USA,&nbsp;<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a target="right" href="http://www.ncf-net.org/">www.ncf-net.org</a>&nbsp;</span></font></p>    </li>    <li>    <p style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><b><a href="http://www.ncf-net.org/library/CiguateraFAQ.htm" target="right">Ciguatera Toxin FAQ</a></b>&nbsp; (2003; 2005)<br />    Reported by National CFIDS Foundation, USA,&nbsp;<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a target="right" href="http://www.ncf-net.org/">www.ncf-net.org</a>&nbsp;</span></font></p>    </li>    <li>    <p style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><b><a href="http://www.ncf-net.org/library/CiguateraEpitope.htm" target="right">The Ciguatera Epitope: So What Do We Really Know Thus Far?</a></b><br />    Reported by National CFIDS Foundation, USA,&nbsp;<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a target="right" href="http://www.ncf-net.org/">www.ncf-net.org</a>&nbsp;</span></font></p>    </li>    <li>    <p style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">Presentation given by Dr. Yoshitsugi Hokama at the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.ncf-net.org/library/Okinawa.htm" target="right"><b>International Symposium on Toxins and Natural Products</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(</a>2002)&nbsp; (PDF file format)<br />    Reported by National CFIDS Foundation, USA,&nbsp;<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a target="right" href="http://www.ncf-net.org/">www.ncf-net.org</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></font></p>    </li>    <li>    <p style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><b><a href="http://www.ncf-net.org/library/PR1102-neurotoxin.htm" target="right">Neurotoxin Discovered in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome</a></b><br />    Reported by National CFIDS Foundation, USA,&nbsp;<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a target="right" href="http://www.ncf-net.org/">www.ncf-net.org</a>&nbsp;</span></font></p>    </li>    <li>    <p style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><b><a href="http://www.ncf-net.org/library/PearnPDF.htm" target="right">The Neurology of ciguatera</a></b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(<a href="../library/PearnPDF.htm" target="right">PDF file format</a><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>or&nbsp;<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="../library/Pearn-NeuroOCiguatera.htm" target="right">text-only format</a>).&nbsp;<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i>J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry</i><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(2001)<br />    Reported by National CFIDS Foundation, USA,&nbsp;<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a target="right" href="http://www.ncf-net.org/">www.ncf-net.org</a>&nbsp;</span></font></p>    </li>    <li>    <p align="left" style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">&quot;Many CFS patients in the study had higher levels of the toxin (ciguatera) than the<br />    patients with cancer, hepatitis or acute ciguatera poisoning.&quot;<br />    Research by Dr. Yoshitsugi Hokama presented to the International Symposium on Toxins<br />    and Natural Products in Okinawa, Japan on November 17-19, 2002. The research, for the first time, discovered ciguatoxin, a potent neurotoxin, in the blood of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome patients.<br />    Reported by National CFIDS Foundation, Winter Newsletter 2002,&nbsp;<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.ncf-net.org/">www.ncf-net.org</a><br />    </span></font></p>    </li>    <li>    <p align="left" style="line-height: 24px;"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">&quot; Let me start with the following: What do we really know at this time about the ciguatera epitope? Well, we do know that CFS patients test abnormal by three different scientific methods which include (A) Dr. Yoshitsugi Hokama's monoclonal antibody based ciguatera test (University of Hawaii Medical School); (B) Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) neuroblastoma test; (C) Competitive assay using the synthetic fragment of ciguatera. These together greatly assist in the identification of the toxin's structure, amount, and its unique characterization. In the Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis publication, available from our website on the Medical Breakthrough page or to our members by mail (see materials section in this issue), it was reported that 96% of CFS patients were identified as having abnormal amounts of ciguatera toxin &quot;<br />    The Ciguatera Epitope: So What Do We Really Know Thus Far?<br />    by Alan Cocchetto (2003), The National CFIDS Foundation</span></font><b><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"><br />    </span></font></b></p>    </li>    <li>    <p align="left" style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">Pearn J., Ciguatera - A potent cause of the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome EOS J Immunol Immunopathol XV 1/2: 63-65, 1995</span></font></p>    </li>    <li>    <p align="left" style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">Ting J, Brown A, Ciguatera poisoning: A global issue with common management problems Eur J Emerg Med Dec; 8(4): 295-300, 2001</span></font></p>    </li>    <li>    <p align="left" style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">Racciatti D., Vecchiet J, Ceccomancini A, Ricci F, Pizzigallo E Chronic Fatigue Syndrome following a toxic exposure Sci Total Environ Apr 10; 270(1-3): 27-31, 2001</span></font></p>    </li>    <li>    <p align="left" style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">Chaudhuri A., Watson WS, Pearn J, Behan PO. The symptoms of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome are related to abnormal ion channel function Med Hypotheses Jan; 54(1):59-63 , 2000</span></font></p>    </li>    <li>    <p align="left" style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">Chaudhuri A, Behan PO. Neurological Dysfunction in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 6(3-4): 51-68, 2000</span></font></p>    </li>    <li>    <p align="left" style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">Pearn J., Differential Diagnosis: The Challenge of Chronic Fatigue Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 7(4): 17-31, 2000</span></font></p>    </li>    <li>    <p align="left" style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">Racciatti D, Barbeno A, Veechiet J, Pizzigallo E. Clinical and Pathogenetical Characterization of 238 Patients of a Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Italian Center Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 5(3-4), 1999</span></font></p>    </li>    <li>    <p align="left" style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">Barton ED et al. Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: A Southern California Epidemic Western J Med 163(1): 31-34, 1995</span></font></p>    </li>    <li>    <p align="left" style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">Gillespie NC, Lewis RJ, Pearn JH et al. Ciguatera in Australia. Occurrence, clinical features, pathophysiology and management Med J Aust 145: 584-590, 1986 [Ed. Note: We have heard from dozens and dozens of our members who have taken advantage of the testing. All, thus far, have been positive.]</span></font></p>    </li>    <li>    <p align="left" style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">Stommel EW, Parsonnet J, Jenkyn LR Polymyositis after ciguatera toxin exposure. Arch Neurol. 1991 Aug;48(8):874-7</span></font></p>    </li>    <li>    <p align="left" style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">Stommel EW, Jenkyn LR, Parsonnet J Another case of polymyositis after ciguatera toxin exposure. Arch Neurol. 1993 Jun;50(6):571</span></font></p>    </li>    <li>    <p align="left" style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">Palafox NA, Jain LG, Pinano AZ, Gulick TM, Williams RK, Schatz IJ Successful treatment of ciguatera fish poisoning with intravenous mannitol. JAMA. 1988 May 13;259(18):2740-2.</span></font></p>    </li>    <li>    <p align="left" style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">Warner CL, Heffner RR, Cookfair D Neuromuscular Abnormalities in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Chapter 38, 348-351; The Clinical and Scientific Basis of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 1992</span></font></p>    </li>    <li>    <p align="left" style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">Sigurgeirsson B, Lindelof B, Edhag O, Allander E Risk of cancer in patients with dermatomyositis or polymyositis. A population-based study. N Engl J Med. 1992 Feb 6;326(6):363-7</span></font></p>    </li>    <li>    <p align="left" style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">Hill CL, Zhang Y, Sigurgeirsson B, Pukkala E, Mellemkjaer L, Airio A, Evans SR, Felson DT Frequency of specific cancer types in dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a population-based study. Lancet. 2001 Jan 13;357(9250):96-100</span></font></p>    </li>    <li>    <p align="left" style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">Angulo P Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. N Engl J Med. 2002 Apr 18;346(16):1221-31 Review</span></font></p>    </li>    <li>    <p align="left" style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">Yuan QX, Nagao Y, Gaal K, Hu B, French SW Mechanisms of mallory body formation induced by okadaic acid in drug-primed mice. Exp Mol Pathol. 1998 Oct;65(2):87-103</span></font></p>    </li>    <li>    <p align="left" style="line-height: 24px;"><font size="3" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">Shoemaker RC., Residential and recreational acquisition of possible estuary-associated syndrome: a new approach to successful diagnosis and treatment. Environ Health Perspect. 2001 Oct;109 Suppl 5:791-6</span></font></p>    </li></ul></font></span></p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>]]></description><category>随笔札记</category><comments>http://www.51hbv.com/post/873.html#comment</comments><wfw:comment>http://www.51hbv.com/</wfw:comment><wfw:commentRss>http://www.51hbv.com/feed.asp?cmt=873</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.51hbv.com/cmd.asp?act=tb&amp;id=873&amp;key=b1abddd2</trackback:ping></item><item><title>鎘中毒鎘(Cadmium)：</title><author>zhaoniupai@163.com (zhaoniupai)</author><link>http://www.51hbv.com/post/872.html</link><pubDate>Mon, 26 Apr 2010 01:12:33 +0800</pubDate><guid>http://www.51hbv.com/post/872.html</guid><description><![CDATA[<p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">鎘中毒</font></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">鎘</span><span lang="EN-US">(Cadmium)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">：</span></b></font></span></span><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></font><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-US">  </span></b></font><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></span></span></p><p>&nbsp;</p><p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><p><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">鎘經常是提煉鋅的附產品，它經常 用來作鎳鎘電池、染料、塗料色素及製造塑膠之穩定劑。台灣鎘米事件，乃是塑膠穩定劑工廠排放廢水至灌溉渠道污染農田所致。鎘較其他重金屬容易為農作物、蔬 菜、稻米所吸收</font></span></p></span></span><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">在台灣的鎘中毒，急性鎘蒸氣燻煙 熱則容易發生在鎘合金或鍍鎘金屬之焊接工人身上，易導致毒性肺水腫、呼吸困難、及急性腎臟衰竭發生。慢性鎘中毒則容易發生在鎘米污染區，因長期食用鎘鉛污 染的蔬菜、稻米、地下水而導致腎小管傷害、軟骨症及痛痛病前期症狀的產生。台灣第一個慢性鎘中毒病例為本人所報告的。</font></span></strong></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">   </font></span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><p><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">呼吸所吸入的鎘約</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">50%</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">被吸收，而食入的鎘約</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">6%</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">被吸收。大部分的鎘被貯存在腎臟 中，其半衰期至少</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">20</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">年以上。</font></span></p></span></span><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><p><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">太多的鎘堆積</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">(&gt;200  ug/g</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">腎皮層組織），則會造成近端腎小管損傷。進而使得低分子量蛋白質、鈣質等由尿中流失，長久之下容易形成軟骨症及自發性骨折，即是 所謂的痛痛病</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">(Itai-itai     disease)</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">。長久吸入鎘蒸氣，則會引起肺氣腫及慢性阻塞性肺疾。另外鎘也是一種致癌物質，可能誘發老年人的前列腺癌症。</font></span></p></span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">   <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman;">&nbsp;    </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">一般而言，每天二十四小時尿液鎘 總量大於</span><span lang="EN-US">15 ug </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">，則表示可能有鎘中毒的可能；但至目前為止，鎘中毒並沒有解毒劑。因此只能從避免暴露著手。</span></span></font></span></span><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">   </font></p><p><span style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; font-size: medium;" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: �s�ө���; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;" class="Apple-style-span"><p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-decoration: none; line-height: 1.8em; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;">本文強調鎘（Cadmium）暴露對人體的健康影響，美國環境保護署已經鑑定了1300處重要有害廢棄物棄置場址，列入&ldquo;國家優先整治表&rdquo;中，其中已經發現至少有388場含有鎘。然而，還有多少場址含有這種物質，則仍有待美國環境保護署評估，因此場數可能不只如此。這些資料是重要的，因為暴露到鎘可能引起有害的健康作用，而這些場址是這種化學物質的可能或實際暴露源。<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;當物質由大如工廠或小如桶裝、瓶裝等容器釋放出來時，即排放到環境中，但未必就因此而導致暴露。只有當你接觸到它時，才會暴露到此物質。暴露的方式可能經由呼吸、攝取含有此物質的食物或飲料，或經由皮膚接觸到。<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;即使暴露到像鎘之類的物質，仍有許多因素決定是否會引起有害的健康效應，及影響健康效應的方式和嚴重性。這些因素包括劑量的多寡、暴露期間的長短、暴露的途徑或過程(呼吸、食入、飲用或皮膚接觸)、其他化學物質的暴露，還有個人的特異性如年齡、性別、營養狀況、家族特徵、生活型態和健康狀態等。</p><ul style="margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px; line-height: 1.4em; color: rgb(0, 153, 204); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; list-style-type: none;" class="text">    <li style="list-style-type: none; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.8em;">一、什麼是鎘?&nbsp;<br />    鎘是在地球表面中自然存在的一種元素，純鎘是一種軟的銀白色金屬。然而，鎘通常不以一種金屬態存在環境中。通常會與其他元素結合，像氧（氧化鎘），氯（氯化鎘），或者硫（硫酸鎘，硫化鎘）。這些化合物有固態的，可溶於水，但是不會從環境中蒸發或者是消失。所有的土壤和岩石都含鎘，包括煤和天然肥礦，鎘經常以小顆粒被發現存在空氣中。不能從氣味或者味道來辨別鎘是否存在空氣或者水中，因為它沒有任何明確的味道或者氣味。<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br />    大部分的鎘是從生產其他金屬像鋅，鉛，或者銅時提煉出來的。鎘在工業和消費產品中有很多的用途，主要有製造電池，顏料，電鍍金屬，和塑膠製造。</li>    <li style="list-style-type: none; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.8em;">二、鎘進入環境後如何變化？<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br />    鎘能夠透過幾個方法進入到環境中。能藉由燃燒煤和家庭廢棄物，採礦及提煉過程而進入到空氣中。它能夠從處理家庭或者工業廢水而進入水裡。肥料往往含有些鎘，使用肥料時鎘也會進入土壤。從有害廢棄場溢出或滲漏出的鎘也會進入土壤或者水中。附著在微粒的鎘也許會隨著灰塵、雨或者是雪，飄過一段長距離降到地面。鎘不會在環境中分解，但是能夠改變成不同形態。鎘進入到環境中會停留很長的時間。一些水中的鎘會與土壤結合，其餘殘留在水中。土壤中的鎘能夠進入水中或為植物攝取，魚，植物，和動物也會從環境中攝取到鎘。</li>    <li style="list-style-type: none; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.8em;">三、我怎麼會暴露到鎘？<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br />    食品和香菸產生的煙是一般人的鎘暴露最大潛在來源。美國食品中平均含量有2到40 ppb鎘（1000個 ppb 等於百萬分之一）。香菸中鎘的平均含量有1000到3000（ppb）。美國城市的空氣中的含量低，每立方公尺含5到40個毫微克（ng/m3）（一百萬ng相當於1mg，毫克）。多數飲水中的鎘含量不到1ppb。在美國，普通人每天經由食物會吃到約30微克（&mu;g）的鎘，吸收其中的1-3微克，另外吸菸者每天從香菸多吸收了1-3微克。不抽煙者大概不致從二手菸攝取多少鎘。有害物質廢棄場的鎘平均含量，土壤約有4 ppb，滲出水中約有5 ppb。從事電池或者油漆製造的工人會暴露於空氣中的鎘，工人也會從硬焊或電銲金屬的作業中暴露到。在美國，每一年大約有90,000工人暴露於鎘中。</li>    <li style="list-style-type: none; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.8em;">四、鎘如何進入及釋出人體？<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br />    鎘能夠從吃的食品、喝的水或者吸入的微粒而進到身體。非常少量的鎘經由皮膚進入人體，你的身體很快就攝取你吸入的鎘的四分之一量及攝取食入的鎘的二十分之一的量。其餘的鎘可藉由呼氣或者糞便排出去。如果你不吃含有足夠鐵或者其他營養物的食品，你就很有可能從你的食物中攝取比平常更多的鎘。香菸的煙含有鎘，所以抽菸者會吸入鎘。其他吸到鎘的人是從事鎘的工作，及住在靠近會釋放鎘到空氣中的有害物質棄置場或工廠。住在有害廢棄物棄置場附近的一般民眾也許會從食品、灰塵、或者水中接觸到鎘。<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br />    鎘進入到你的身體會停留在你的肝臟和腎，從尿和糞便慢慢排出身體。大部分鎘以無害的形式存在你的身體，但太多的鎘會使你的泌尿系統造成負擔並且損壞健康。</li>    <li style="list-style-type: none; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.8em;">五、鎘如何影響我的健康?<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br />    鎘對你的健康並沒有好的影響，呼吸到鎘含量很高的空氣會使肺臟嚴重傷害甚至會導致死亡。呼吸低劑量多年後，會使腎的鎘含量累積，產生腎疾病。長期吸入鎘後的其他影響，是肺臟損傷和骨骼易脆，長期吸入鎘的工人得到肺癌的機會也會增加。沒有實驗報告發現吸入鎘的老鼠或者倉鼠會患肺癌。然而有些老鼠吸入鎘確實產生肺癌。我們不知道吸入鎘是否影響你的生育力或傷害未出世的寶寶。母老鼠、和小鼠吸了高劑量的鎘，生產的胎數較少，出生缺陷也比一般的更多。呼吸鎘的老鼠和幼鼠會使肝臟損傷並且也會改變免疫系統。我們不知道人們呼吸到鎘是否會損害肝臟、心臟、神經系統或者免疫系統。如果吃到含高劑量的食物或飲水會嚴重刺激胃，引起嘔吐和腹瀉。只有自殺的人才會死於飲用鎘化物。長期吃入含低劑量的鎘會導致鎘在腎中累積，導致腎的損壞，以及使骨骼變脆、容易斷裂。<br />    我們知道如果母老鼠或者鼷鼠吃到或者喝到鎘，他們的幼鼠可能會受傷害。我們不知道人的生育力及未出生的寶寶是否會因為吃到鎘而受到影響。有時動物吃到或者喝到鎘會有高血壓，缺鐵性貧血、肝臟疾病、神經或者腦的損害。我們不知道人們是否會因為吃到或者喝到鎘而得到這些疾病。還沒有研究發現人類或者動物因為吃到或者喝到鎘而引起癌症的報告。但這些研究還不足夠表明吃到或喝到它肯定不會產生癌症。美國衛生和人力部常認定鎘和鎘的化合物是相當可能的致癌物質。國際癌症研究署曾認定鎘對人類是可能致癌物。美國環境保護署也認為吸入鎘是人類的可能致癌物。皮膚接觸到鎘則不知道是否會對人類或者動物產生健康的影響。</li>    <li style="list-style-type: none; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.8em;">六、當我暴露於鎘時是否有醫學檢驗可以確認？<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br />    鎘含量可以在一些醫學實驗室中測量。你的血中鎘含量顯示你最近暴露到鎘的程度。你尿中的含量則顯示你最近和過去的鎘暴露。檢測頭髮或者指甲中鎘的含量則較靠不住。檢驗也可測量你的肝臟或者腎臟中的鎘含量。這些檢驗的結果能夠幫助醫生評估你得腎疾病的風險。然而，這些檢驗對例行檢查來說是太昂貴和不方便的。檢查你的尿可以看出你的腎是否有受損，但這些檢驗無法證明鎘會引起腎臟疾病。</li>    <li style="list-style-type: none; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.8em;">七、美國聯邦政府為保護人體健康做了什麼建議？<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br />    政府必須採取措施保護民眾避免過度鎘暴露。美國環境保護署允許飲水含有10ppb的鎘，並打算把限制減到5ppb。美國環境保護署也限制可以排入湖，河、棄置場和農田中的鎘量，因此不允許殺蟲劑中含有鎘。美國食品和藥物管理局限制食用色素的含鎘量為15ppm。美國職業安全衛生署也限定工作環境空氣中的鎘含量，煙霧為100微克鎘/M3及鎘塵為200微克鎘/ M3。美國職業安全衛生署打算限制所有鎘化合物在1到5微克/ M3。因為呼吸到鎘可能會引起肺癌，美國國家職業安全和衛生研究所希望讓工人盡量少呼吸到鎘。</li></ul><p><span style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; font-size: medium;" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="Apple-style-span"><h2><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>History</strong></span></span></h2><p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>(L.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i>cadmia</i>; Gr.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><i>kadmeia</i><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>- ancient name for calamine, zinc carbonate) Discovered by Stromeyer in 1817 from an impurity in zinc carbonate. Cadmium most often occurs in small quantities associated with zinc ores, such as sphalerite (ZnS). Greenockite (CdS) is the only mineral of any consequence bearing cadmium. Almost all cadmium is obtained as a by-product in the treatment of<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></strong></span></span><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><a href="30.html"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>zinc</strong></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>,<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></strong></span></span><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><a href="29.html"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>copper</strong></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>, and<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></strong></span></span><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><a href="82.html"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>lead</strong></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>ores. It is a soft, bluish-white metal which is easily cut with a knife. It is similar in many respects to zinc.&nbsp; In 1927 the International Conference on Weights and Measures redefined the meter in terms of the wavelength of the red cadmium spectral line (i.e. 1m = 1.553,164.13 wavelengths). This definition has been changed (see<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></strong></span></span><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><a href="36.html"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Krypton</strong></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>).</strong></span></span></p><h2><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Uses</strong></span></span></h2><p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Cadmium is a component of some of the lowest melting alloys; it is used in bearing alloys with low coefficients of friction and great resistance to fatigue; it is used extensively in electroplating, which accounts for about 60% of its use. It is also used in many types of solder, for standard E.M.F. cells, for Ni-Cd batteries, and as a barrier to control nuclear fission. Cadmium compounds are used in black and white television phosphors and in blue and green phosphors for color TV tubes. It forms a number of salts, of which the sulfate is most common; the sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium and solutions of its compounds are toxic.</strong></span></span></p><h2><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Cost</strong></span></span></h2><p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>The current price of cadmium is about $12/lb. It is available in high purity form.</strong></span></span></p><h2><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Handling</strong></span></span></h2><p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>Failure to appreciate the toxic properties of cadmium may cause workers to be unwittingly exposed to dangerous fumes.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></strong></span></span><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="47.html"><strong>Silver<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></strong></a><strong>solder, for example, which contains cadmium, should be handled with care. Serious toxicity problems have been found from long-term exposure and work with cadmium plating baths. Exposure to cadmium dust should not exceed 0.01 mg/m<span style="vertical-align: super;">3</span><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(8-hour time-weighted average, 40-hour week). The ceiling concentration (maximum), for a period of 15 min, should not exceed 0.14 mg/m<span style="vertical-align: super;">3</span>. Cadmium oxide fume exposure (8-hour, 40-hour week) should not exceed 0.05 mg/m<span style="vertical-align: super;">3</span>, and the maximum concentration should not exceed 0.05 mg/m<span style="vertical-align: super;">3</span>. These values are presently being restudied and recommendations have been made to reduce the exposure.</strong></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><span style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 17px; text-align: left;" class="Apple-style-span">Low levels are found in all foods. Largest dietary contributors are grains and<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span></span></strong></span></span><span style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; font-size: medium;" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; text-align: left;" class="Apple-style-span"><a style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153);" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" name="&amp;lid=ALINK" target="_top" class="alnk" href="/topic/cereal"></a><span style="background-color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><a style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153);" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" name="&amp;lid=ALINK" target="_top" class="alnk" href="/topic/cereal"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>cereal</strong></span></a><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>products. Highest levels are found in<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></strong></span></span><a style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153);" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" name="&amp;lid=ALINK" target="_top" class="alnk" href="/topic/leafy"></a></span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; font-size: medium;" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; text-align: left;" class="Apple-style-span"><a style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153);" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" name="&amp;lid=ALINK" target="_top" class="alnk" href="/topic/leafy"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong>leafy</strong></span></a></span><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 17px; text-align: left;" class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>vegetables, potatoes, and other root crops. Long-term exposure to low levels may cause kidney disease, cancer, lung damage, and fragile bones</span></strong></span></span></span></p></span></span></p></span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><strong><br type="_moz" /></strong></span></span></p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>]]></description><category>随笔札记</category><comments>http://www.51hbv.com/post/872.html#comment</comments><wfw:comment>http://www.51hbv.com/</wfw:comment><wfw:commentRss>http://www.51hbv.com/feed.asp?cmt=872</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.51hbv.com/cmd.asp?act=tb&amp;id=872&amp;key=b2139e83</trackback:ping></item><item><title>金黃葡萄球菌</title><author>zhaoniupai@163.com (zhaoniupai)</author><link>http://www.51hbv.com/post/871.html</link><pubDate>Sun, 25 Apr 2010 22:33:19 +0800</pubDate><guid>http://www.51hbv.com/post/871.html</guid><description><![CDATA[<p><span style="background-color: rgb(153, 204, 0);"><strong><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">腸炎弧菌</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">(Vibrio  parahemolytica)</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">及金黃葡萄球菌</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">(   Staphylococcus aureus)</font></span></span></span></strong></span><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></font><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-US">  </span></b></font><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></span></span></p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><p><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">在台灣細菌性食物中毒以腸炎弧菌</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">(Vibrio  parahemolytica)</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">及金黃葡萄球菌</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">(   Staphylococcus aureus)</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">為最常見，其他較常見者為病原性大腸桿菌</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">(  E.coli)</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">及仙人掌桿菌</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">(Bacillus   cereus)</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">；較少見的為沙門氏菌</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">(salmonella)</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">及臘腸桿菌</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">(   clostridium botulism)</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">中毒。</font></span></span></p><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></span></span><p style="margin-left: 15pt; text-indent: -15pt;"><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">1.<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  </span></font></span></span></span><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><a name="腸炎弧菌"></a></span></b></font></p><p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><p style="margin-left: 15pt; text-indent: -15pt;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><a name="腸炎弧菌"><span style="font-size: large;">腸炎弧菌</span></a></span></b></font></p></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><p style="margin-left: 15pt; text-indent: -15pt;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">：</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">潛伏期</span><span lang="EN-US">4-24</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">小時。腸炎弧菌主要分布於沿海地區及海底污泥中，所有的海鮮貝類都容易受到污染。由於腸炎弧菌 的繁殖相當快速，如果食物的容器、砧板、或廚師雙手生食及熟食不分，則受污染食物的腸炎弧菌會很快達到致病程度。因此，台灣夏季所發生的食物中毒約八成以 上是腸炎弧菌所引起的，大多數為吃海鮮四小時後才發作急性腸胃炎。幸好腸炎弧菌在醋酸中一分鐘即死亡；在</span><span lang="EN-US">80</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">度的熱水下一分鐘即死亡。所以只要煮 熟，即可保護飲食健康。一般除了腸胃症狀外，會有血便出現；以支持性治療病充水份及電解質，數天後應可恢復。</span></font></p></span></span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 15pt; text-indent: -15pt;"><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  </font></span></span></span><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><a name="金黃葡萄球菌"></a></span></b></font></p><p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><p style="margin-left: 15pt; text-indent: -15pt;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><a name="金黃葡萄球菌"><span style="font-size: large;">金黃葡萄球菌</span></a></span></b></font></p></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><p style="margin-left: 15pt; text-indent: -15pt;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">：</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">潛伏期</span><span lang="EN-US">1-6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">小時。金黃葡萄球菌廣泛的分佈在皮膚及黏膜上，尤其是化膿的傷口更是食物污染的主要來源。葡萄球 菌在進入腸胃或被污染食物之後約五小時會產生腸毒素，此毒素即使在</span><span lang="EN-US">100</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">度熱水煮沸</span><span lang="EN-US">30</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">分鐘仍無法破壞。因此腐敗的食物，即使一煮再煮，仍然會發生食物中毒。病人會有急性腸胃炎，脫 水、休克都可能發生。只要支持性治療及給予適當的水份及電解質；應可完全恢復。</span></font></p></span></span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 15pt; text-indent: -15pt;"><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  </font></span></span></span><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><a name="病原性大腸桿菌"></a></span></b></font></p><p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><p style="margin-left: 15pt; text-indent: -15pt;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">：</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">潛伏期</span><span lang="EN-US">8-24</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">小時以上。大腸桿菌可能分布在飲水、土壤、人體腸胃道中。其分成幾種類型，有直接侵犯腸胃引起 血便的；有分泌毒素引起腸胃炎者；這些病症在二到三天支持性治療，即可痊愈。最可怕的是少數大腸桿菌</span><span lang="EN-US">(O157)    </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">曾在美國污染漢堡肉及日本引起萬餘人大規模流行，引起發燒、全身溶 血、出血、甚至急性尿毒症；須要洗腎透析治療及大量輸血。因此大腸桿菌感染，不可掉以輕心，應儘速求醫。</span></font></p><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 15pt; text-indent: -15pt;"><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">4.<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"> </span></font></span></span></span><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><a name="仙人掌桿菌"><span style="font-size: large;">仙人掌桿菌</span></a></span></b></font></p><p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="font-size: large;"><p style="margin-left: 15pt; text-indent: -15pt;">&nbsp;</p></span><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><p style="margin-left: 15pt; text-indent: -15pt;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">：</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">為土壤中的微生物，經灰塵、昆蟲傳播污染食物所致。食物中帶菌率可高達</span><span lang="EN-US">20-70%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">，在一百度</span><span lang="EN-US">C</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">加熱</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">分鐘此菌即可殺死。嘔吐型潛伏期</span><span lang="EN-US">1-6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">小時，腹瀉型潛伏期</span><span lang="EN-US">12-16</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">小時。<b style="">嘔吐型</b>常見於食用炒飯、米食等澱粉類食物不新鮮所致。主要的症狀為嘔吐次數多，少腹瀉；併有頭暈、發燒、四肢無力等。<b style="">腹瀉型</b>常見於食用各種肉類及海鮮，以腸炎的表現為主，嘔吐較少見。這些患者在適當的支持性治療，給予水份及電解質之後即可痊 愈。</span></font></p></span></span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 15pt; text-indent: -15pt;"><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">5. </font></span></span></span><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><a name="沙門氏菌"></a></span></b></font></p><p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><p style="margin-left: 15pt; text-indent: -15pt;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><a name="沙門氏菌"></a></span></b></font><a name="沙門氏菌"></a><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><a name="沙門氏菌"><span style="font-size: large;">沙門氏菌</span></a></b></font><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><a name="沙門氏菌"></a></span></b></font></p></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="font-size: large;"><p style="margin-left: 15pt; text-indent: -15pt;">&nbsp;</p></span><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><p style="margin-left: 15pt; text-indent: -15pt;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">：</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">潛伏期</span><span lang="EN-US">6-72</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">小時。在人類、家畜、家禽類的腸胃道都有分佈。因此容易污染肉類及雞蛋，造成疾病。有些老人、 小孩生食雞蛋，則有可能造成沙門氏菌敗血症，導致生命危險。沙門氏菌感染會引起腸胃炎、發燒、發冷、顫抖、頭痛、腹痛等症狀；常須抗生素治療。</span></font></p></span></span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 15pt; text-indent: -15pt;"><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">6.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;  </font></span></span></span><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><a name="臘腸桿菌"></a></span></b></font></p><p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><p style="margin-left: 15pt; text-indent: -15pt;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><a name="臘腸桿菌"><span style="font-size: large;">臘腸桿菌</span></a></span></b></font></p></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="font-size: large;"><p style="margin-left: 15pt; text-indent: -15pt;">&nbsp;</p></span></span><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><p style="margin-left: 15pt; text-indent: -15pt;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">：</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">潛伏期</span><span lang="EN-US">12-48</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">小時。又叫作肉毒桿菌，共分成七種型。以前常發生在香腸、火腿中，現在常在肉類罐頭、發酵的豆 類食品出現。肉毒桿菌須要在無氧環境中繁殖，並產生耐熱的肉毒毒素。肉毒毒素</span><span lang="EN-US">(Botulin)    </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">是最劇毒性的神經毒素之一，致死的劑量只要</span><span lang="EN-US">0.5   ug</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">。在</span><span lang="EN-US">100</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">度煮沸</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">分鐘才被破壞。在台灣曾有病例被報導過。</span></font></p><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></span></span></p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><p><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">在食入後</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">12</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">到</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">48</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">小時，甚至八天後才有症狀。病患常不發燒，急性腸胃炎只出現在三分之二病患，腹脹及痛常被誤為腹部急 症，甚至有</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">70%</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">的病患在疾病過程中會出現便秘； 四大常見的神經症狀分別為視力障礙，講話發音異常</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">(dysarthria,   dysphonia)</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">，無法吞嚥</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">(dysphasia)</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">及口腔乾燥。其中以對稱作眼睛病變 為肉毒桿菌感染的最常見及特別的發現，眼外側肌肉無力、眼皮下垂，瞳孔固定且擴大等幾乎在每個病患都可見到。</font></span></p><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></span></span><p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">診斷則要靠血清中檢測出肉毒毒素 濃度，不幸的是只有三分之一的病人檢驗得到，其他人經常是假陰性反應。因此，在抗生素使用前，糞便中發現肉毒桿菌及毒素來證實診斷則是另一有效方法。肌電 圖的檢測，對鑑別診斷也很有幫忙。早期診斷才能提供早期治療，治療以呼吸器維持呼吸及預防呼吸衰竭為主，穩定血壓及心臟血管系統。要記得詢問家人或朋友是 否有相同症狀發作的其他人？最近二到三天中是否有吃罐頭食品？飯店吃飯？或到阿拉斯加或加拿大旅遊，吃過特製的肉品？在台灣這些都可以尋找衛生署的幫忙， 及提供抗毒素血清的治療。死亡率最近三十年來由</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">60%</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">降到</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">5</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">到</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">15%</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">，最近主要死亡的原因是肺部及呼吸器相關的併發症。</font></span></span></span></p><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Arial,MingLiU,PMingLiU; font-size: 13px;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3">常見的旅遊傳染病可依傳染病病源之地區分佈分別介紹：</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">一、中國大陸地區：</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">包含大陸與香港、澳門。目前雲南及沿海一帶為</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">AIDS</font></span><span style="">嚴重疫區，另外漢他病毒也有流行的趨勢。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">1.<span style="">&nbsp;<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span></font></span><span style="">經飲食感染：霍亂（</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">cholera</font></span><span style="">）、</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">A</font></span><span style="">型肝炎（</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">viral hepatitis A</font></span><span style="">）、傷寒（</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">typhoid fever</font></span><span style="">）、細菌性痢疾（</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">bacillary dysentery</font></span><span style="">）、腸炎弧菌食物中毒（</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">Vibrio parahemolytica food poisoning</font></span><span style="">）、阿米巴痢疾（</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">amoebic dysentery</font></span><span style="">）、大腸菌食物中毒（</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">E. coli food poisoning</font></span><span style="">）。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">2.<span style="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span></font></span><span style="">經動物與昆蟲感染：登革熱（</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">Dengue fever</font></span><span style="">）、日本腦炎（</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">Japanese encephalitis</font></span><span style="">）、瘧疾（</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">malaria</font></span><span style="">）、鼠疫（</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">plague</font></span><span style="">）、狂犬病（</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">Rabies</font></span><span style="">）、斑疹傷寒（</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">typhus fever</font></span><span style="">）、恙蟲病（</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">scrub typhus</font></span><span style="">）、絲蟲病（</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">filariasis</font></span><span style="">）、利什曼原蟲病（</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">leishmaniasis</font></span><span style="">）。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">3.</font></span><span style="">經接觸或皮膚傷口感染：</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">B</font></span><span style="">型肝炎（</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">viral hepatitis B</font></span><span style="">）、</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">AIDS</font></span><span style="">、血吸蟲病、漢他病毒出血熱（</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">Hemorrhagic fever with renal S.</font></span><span style="">）。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">二、東南亞地區：</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">包含汶萊、柬普寨、印度尼西亞、寮國、馬來西亞、緬甸、菲律賓、新加坡、泰國、越南。由於環境及飲食不潔，腸胃道傳染病及螺旋體盛行，東南亞因為距離近，團費也低，國人前往東南亞旅行的人次很多，務必要小心飲食及衛生安全。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">1.<span style="">&nbsp;<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span></font></span><span style="">經飲食感染：霍亂、阿米巴及桿菌性痢疾、傷寒、</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">A</font></span><span style="">型肝炎、</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">E</font></span><span style="">型肝炎、薑片蟲病（</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">fasciolopsiasis, giant intestinal fluke</font></span><span style="">）、血吸蟲病、肝吸蟲症（</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">clonorchiasis, oriental liver fluke</font></span><span style="">）、後暈吸蟲病（</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">opisthorchiasis, cat liver fluke</font></span><span style="">）、肺吸蟲症（</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">paragonimiasis</font></span><span style="">）、類鼻疽（</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">melioidosis</font></span><span style="">）。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">2.<span style="">&nbsp;<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span></font></span><span style="">經動物與昆蟲感染：瘧疾、絲蟲病、鼠疫、日本腦炎、登革熱及登革出血熱、恙蟲</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">3.</font></span><span style="">經接觸或皮膚傷口感染：</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">B</font></span><span style="">型肝炎、</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">AIDS</font></span><span style="">、血吸蟲病。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3">三、非洲地區：</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">包含整個非洲大陸。由於氣溫較高，環境衛生條件較差，國人前往非洲地區要小心蚊蟲的叮咬。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">1.</font></span><span style="">經飲食感染：霍亂、</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">A</font></span><span style="">型肝炎、傷寒、大腸菌食物中毒（</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">E. coli food poisoning</font></span><span style="">）。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></span><span style="">經動物與昆蟲感染：登革熱、黃熱病（</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">Yellow fever</font></span><span style="">）、瘧疾、鼠疫、狂犬病。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">3.<span style="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span></font></span><span style="">經接觸或皮膚傷口感染：</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">B</font></span><span style="">型肝炎、</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">AIDS</font></span><span style="">、血吸蟲病。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">四、中東地區：</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">包含土耳其、敘利亞、伊拉克、伊朗、黎巴嫩、以色列、約旦、科威特、沙烏地阿拉伯、阿拉伯聯合大公國、卡達、阿曼、葉門。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">1.</font></span><span style="">經飲食感染：霍亂、</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">A</font></span><span style="">型肝炎、傷寒、大腸菌食物中毒。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></span><span style="">經動物與昆蟲感染：登革熱、瘧疾、鼠疫、狂犬病。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">4.<span style="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span></font></span><span style="">經接觸或皮膚傷口感染：</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">B</font></span><span style="">型肝炎、</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">AIDS</font></span><span style="">、血吸蟲病。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">五、中南美洲地區：</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">整個美洲大陸，除了美國及加拿大已經沒有旅遊上之重要傳染病之外，其餘中南美洲仍為疫區。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">1.</font></span><span style="">經飲食感染：霍亂、</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">A</font></span><span style="">型肝炎、傷寒、大腸菌食物中毒。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></span><span style="">經動物與昆蟲感染：登革熱、黃熱病、瘧疾、錐蟲病（</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">Trypanosomiasis</font></span><span style="">）、狂犬病。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">3.</font></span><span style="">經接觸或皮膚傷口感染：</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">B</font></span><span style="">型肝炎、</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">AIDS</font></span><span style="">、血吸蟲病。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">台灣的防疫措施</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">疾病管制局為了防治旅遊傳染病，照顧出國旅遊民眾的健康，並預防各類傳染病侵入本土引發流行，特別推出&ldquo;旅遊平安錦囊&rdquo;，讓民眾都能快樂出遊，平安回家。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">錦囊一：了解旅遊地疫情及公共衛生狀況</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">由於每個國家衛生情況、流行疾病和預防方法不同，疾病管制局根據世界衛生組織和美國疾病管制中心每週更新資料，隨時提供旅遊者最新的資訊和疾病的預防方法，因此，出國前民眾可利用疾病管制局全球資訊網</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">http://www.cdc.gov.tw/</font></span><span style="">或免付費電話</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">0800-024-582</font></span><span style="">，了解前往旅遊當地疫病狀況，預作行前防護準備。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">錦囊二：國際預防接種</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">目前國際檢疫傳染病有三種，即霍亂、黃熱病和鼠疫。有些國家檢疫單位規定查看預防接種證明書（黃皮書），各國會因本身是疫區或防止疫病傳入的角度，而有不同的要求，且隨時會有所變更，所以旅客須事先查明並提前接種。另外，如前往疫區或開發中國家，應視當地傳染病流行情形、考量個人停留時間與場所，考慮選擇性注射破傷風、日本腦炎、黃熱病、</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">A</font></span><span style="">型或</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">B</font></span><span style="">型肝炎及小兒麻痺等疫苗。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">錦囊三：出國旅遊時的自我保護</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">一、注意食物及飲用水的衛生</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">在熱帶或亞熱帶國家旅遊，最常發生旅遊者腹瀉、還有霍亂、腸熱病及</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">A</font></span><span style="">型肝炎，所以民眾應該注意在旅遊時餐前、便後以肥皂洗手，要避免進食未經煮熟的食物，如沙拉、生魚片、貝類及未經消毒的牛奶等，並且不食用路邊攤販賣已削皮、切好的水果，還有不飲用未經煮沸的生水、泉水、冰塊。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">二、預防蚊蟲的叮咬</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3">旅遊者如前往蚊蟲媒介傳染病疫區，為預防蚊蟲叮咬而感染瘧疾、黃熱病、登革熱及日本腦炎等傳染病，建議睡覺時使用蚊帳、紗窗，並穿著長袖衣褲，塗抹防蚊液、驅蟲劑，若前往瘧疾疫區，記得出發前及旅程中持續服用防瘧藥物。</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">三、預防經接觸性的感染</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">應避免與陌生人發生性行為，以預防感染淋病、梅毒、單純泡疹及愛滋病，如無法避免發生性行為時，請全程使用保險套；同時應避免與人共用或使用消毒不完全的針頭、刺青、輸血等。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">錦囊四：旅外國人急難救助專線</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">外交部在領事事務局中正機場辦事處設「旅外國人急難救助全球免付費專線電話</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">080-0885-0885</font></span><span style="">」，由專人廿四小時輪值接聽。另外開放十九個國家與地區，在國外可撥下列電話號碼直接與旅外國人急難救助聯繫中心聯繫。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">錦囊五：旅遊後的追蹤</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">旅遊期間，若有任何身體不適的情形，透過空服員協助，在入境時填寫「中華民國入境旅客申報單之健康聲明欄」，並速洽機場檢疫人員尋求協助。另外，許多疾病是有潛伏期的，因此，回國後兩週內如出現吐瀉、發冷發熱、不明原因發燒、全身肌肉痠痛、發疹、淋巴結腫大或其他不適症狀，即很可能是在國外旅行時罹患了傳染病，應儘速就醫，並告知醫師旅遊史，以供診治參考。另外，疾病管制局未來還計劃對外籍新娘及外籍勞工做體檢的電腦化與加強管理，以確實監控疫情的傳染；並計劃與觀光局合作，對領隊做在職教育，加強領隊對傳染病的了解，並對前往疫區的旅遊民眾做行前宣導與說明，以減少旅遊傳染病的發生機率。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">國人旅遊應該注意什麼？</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp;</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">曾經有兩個旅行團，前後到印尼同一個地點觀光旅遊，回國後兩團之中分別有團員感染到傷寒，經過追查，才發現患者都於近期內到過印尼，可能是不潔的飲食導致感染。由此可見通報之重要，如果旅客返國發現不適就立即通報，衛生單位便可即早發佈此一感染事件，讓要到該地旅遊的民眾小心防範，防止第二個案例的發生。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">也有一個案例，是先生出國旅遊，旅遊途中曾與外國的性工作者有性接觸而感染到</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">AIDS</font></span><span style="">，回家後又傳給太太，未來如太太懷孕又可能垂直傳染給新生兒。因為先生一時的快樂，造成整個家庭的幸福從此蒙上陰影，社會負擔也因此而加重，民眾出國一定要小心謹慎。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">根據六月份的調查顯示，台灣目前</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">HIV</font></span><span style="">感染有</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">3252</font></span><span style="">例，男女的比例大約是</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">10:1</font></span><span style="">，其中有</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">665</font></span><span style="">例男性患者承認曾在國內或國外有嫖妓的行為，而其中</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">53</font></span><span style="">例的配偶也已經感染，這個比例之高，國人不得不慎。雖然現在全民健保對已感染的國人有提供免費的雞尾酒療法，有效提高病患的生活品質及延長壽命，但每年健保局要為每位病患付出新台幣</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">35</font></span><span style="">萬元的藥費，是一位國人平均藥費的一百倍以上，社會成本之高，病患本身還要忍受病痛與死亡的恐懼，實在是件遺害子孫、拖累社會的事。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">由以上案例可以得知，出國旅遊雖然快樂，但仍有潛在的危險性，國人出國時，除了準備護照、隨身行李，並事先蒐集當地的旅遊資料、天氣狀況外，還要去了解當地流行什麼病，如果是到疫區去，要記得事先接受預防針注射或防疫藥物的使用；到了當地，要注意飲食衛生，最好不要生食；回國後若有不舒服的狀況發生，要儘早就醫，並告知醫生曾經去過的地區。</span></font></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><span style=""><font size="3" face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1em; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: none; line-height: 1.5em;"><font size="3"><span style="">另外，民眾可以在中正國際機場出境處，索取「旅遊平安錦囊百保袋」，主要內容包括全球各地疫病介紹及預防傳染病的衛教資訊，當地並有疾病管制局分局的同仁提供免費諮詢服務，若有任何問題，也可以透過疫情通報專線電話</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">0800-024-582</font></span><span style="">免費諮詢或到疾病管制局全球資訊網</span><span style=""><font face="Times New Roman">http://www.cdc.gov.tw/</font></span><span style="">查尋。唯有事事小心，處處留意，才能快快樂樂的出門，平平安安的回家</span></font></p></span></span></p>]]></description><category>随笔札记</category><comments>http://www.51hbv.com/post/871.html#comment</comments><wfw:comment>http://www.51hbv.com/</wfw:comment><wfw:commentRss>http://www.51hbv.com/feed.asp?cmt=871</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.51hbv.com/cmd.asp?act=tb&amp;id=871&amp;key=9655b13b</trackback:ping></item><item><title>ARSENIC Toxicity 砷(Arsenic, As)</title><author>zhaoniupai@163.com (zhaoniupai)</author><link>http://www.51hbv.com/post/870.html</link><pubDate>Sun, 25 Apr 2010 22:14:54 +0800</pubDate><guid>http://www.51hbv.com/post/870.html</guid><description><![CDATA[<p><span style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; font-size: medium;" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="" class="Apple-style-span"><b><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"><span style="font-size: xx-large;"><font face="Arial">ARSENIC Toxicity</font><span><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 砷</span><span lang="EN-US">(Arsenic,   As)</span></b></font></span></span></span></p></b></span></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(153, 204, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">砷自古以來就常為人類所使用，例 如砒霜即是經常使用的毒藥。砷也曾被用在於治療梅毒，當作農業殺蟲劑及除草劑。</font></span></span></span></strong><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 204, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><p><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">砷可區分為有機砷及無機砷，其中 以無機砷毒性強。另外有機砷及無機砷中又分別分為三價砷</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">(As2O3)</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">及五價砷</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">(NaAsO3) </font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">，在生物體內砷價數可互相轉變。台灣常見的砷中毒急性的砷中毒以較常見，另 外中藥的雄黃也是含砷的，因此雄黃酒是不可多喝的。慢性砷中毒則以台南、嘉義沿海的烏腳病最為有名。最近在宜蘭頭城、五結地區發現地下井水含砷高，也有新 的烏腳病患出現，值得所有喝地下水的人警惕。有人發現馬祖、香山地區沿海牡蠣含無機砷量過高，是否已經產生傷害</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">,   </font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">也是值得注意的。</font></span></p><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 204, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><p><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">砷與汞類似，被吸收後容易跟硫化 氫根</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">(sulfhydryl)</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">或雙硫根</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">(disulfide)</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">結合而影響細胞呼吸及酵素作用； 甚至使染色體發生斷裂。因此砷也是一致癌物質，在烏腳病地區肺癌、肝癌、膀胱癌、皮膚癌的比率都較其他地區為高。砷其血中半衰期為</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">10</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">小時，主要排除器官為腎臟。砷可堆 積在內臟中及骨頭、牙齒、頭髮中；因此很容易檢測。</font></span></p></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">急性砷中毒，以腹痛、血便、急性 腎衰竭、神經病變為主。慢性砷中毒則會在肌肉無力痛、皮膚角質化、色素沈著及癌前期變化；水腫、肝腎傷害及週邊神經炎發生。另外電子業常用砷氣</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">(arsine   gas)</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">，則有大蒜味，容易引起大量溶血，</font></span></strong></span></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">急性腎衰竭</font></span></strong></span></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">而死亡。</font></span></strong></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><br type="_moz" /></span></span></span></span></p><p>&nbsp;</p><p><b>砷中毒</b>（<b>Arsenic poisoning</b>）是指動物體內重要的代謝作用酵素，在砷的影響下 遭受異位抑制（allosteric inhibition）作用，導致多重器官衰竭。</p><p>砷中毒可能造成許多生理問題，包括皮膚癌與足部的角化（keratoses）。起始症狀是頭痛， 進一步則暈眩（lightheadedness），若無治療，將會死亡。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: large;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Times New Roman;">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">急 性砷中毒可給予解毒劑</span><span lang="EN-US">DMSA, BAL</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">等加以治療，對於慢性砷中毒，解毒劑有效性存疑。</span></font></span></span><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></p><p><span style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; font-size: medium;" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="" class="Apple-style-span"><p><font size="3" face="Arial">Significant exposure to arsenic occurs through both anthropogenic and natural sources. Arsenic is released into the air by volcanoes and is a natural contaminant of some deep-water wells. Occupational exposure to arsenic is common in the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><b>smelting industry (in which arsenic is a byproduct of ores containing lead, gold, zinc, cobalt, and nickel)</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and is increasing in the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><b>microelectronics industry</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>(in which gallium arsenide is responsible). Low-level arsenic exposure continues to take place in the general population (as do some cases of high-dose poisoning) through the commercial use of inorganic arsenic compounds in common products such as<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><b>wood preservatives, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, and paints</b>; through the consumption of foods and the smoking of tobacco treated with arsenic-containing pesticides; and through the burning of fossil fuels in which arsenic is a contaminant. Arsenic was also a major ingredient of Fowler's solution and continues to be found in some folk remedies.</font></p><p><font size="3" face="Arial"><b>METABOLISM</b></font></p><p><font size="3" face="Arial">The toxicity of an arsenic-containing compound depends on its valence state (zero-valent, trivalent, or pentavalent), its form (inorganic or organic), and the physical aspects governing its absorption and elimination. In general, inorganic arsenic is more toxic than organic arsenic, and trivalent arsenite is more toxic than pentavalent and zero-valent arsenic. The normal intake of arsenic by adults occurs primarily through ingestion and averages around 50 ug/d (range, 8 to 104 ug/d). Most (around 64 percent) of this amount is accounted for by organic arsenic from fish, seafood, and algae; the specific arsenic compounds obtained from these sources are arsenobentaine and arsenocholine, which are relatively nontoxic and are rapidly excreted in unchanged form in the urine. After absorption, inorganic arsenic accumulates in the liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. It is then rapidly cleared from these sites but leaves a residue in keratin-rich tissues such as skin, hair, and nails. Arsenite (+5) undergoes biomethylation in the liver to the less toxic metabolites methylarsenic acid and dimethylarsenic acid; biomethylation can quickly become saturated, however, and the result is the deposition of increasing doses of inorganic arsenic in soft tissues. Arsenic, particularly in its trivalent form, inhibits critical sulfhydryl-containing enzymes. In the pentavalent form, the competitive substitution of arsenic for phosphate can lead to rapid hydrolysis of the high-energy bonds in compounds such as ATP.</font></p><p><font size="3" face="Arial"><b>CLINICAL FEATURES</b></font></p><p><font size="3" face="Arial"><u><b>Acute</b></u><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>arsenic poisoning from ingestion results in increased permeability of small blood vessels and inflammation and necrosis of the intestinal mucosa; these changes manifest as<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><b>hemorrhagic gastroenteritis</b>, fluid loss, and hypotension. Delayed cardiomyopathy accompanied by electrocardiographic abnormalities may develop. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, delirium, coma, and seizures. A<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><b>garlicky odor</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>may be detectable on the breath.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><b>Acute tubular necrosis and hemolysis</b>may develop. The reported lethal dose of arsenic ranges from 120 to 200 mg in adults and is 2 mg/kg in children. Arsine gas causes severe hemolysis within 3 to 4 h of exposure and can<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><font size="2">lead</font><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>to acute tubular necrosis and renal failure.</font></p><p><font size="3" face="Arial">In<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><b><u>chronic</u></b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>arsenic poisoning, the onset of symptoms comes at 2 to 8 weeks. Typical findings are<b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>skin and nail changes</b>, such as<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><b>hyperkeratosis, hyperpigmentation, exfoliative dermatitis</b>, and<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><b>Mees' lines</b>(transverse white striae of the fingernails);<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><b>sensory and motor polyneuritis</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>manifesting as numbness and tingling in a &quot;stocking-glove&quot; distribution, distal weakness, and quadriplegia; and inflammation of the respiratory mucosa. Epidemiologic evidence has linked chronic consumption of water containing arsenic at concentrations in the range of 10 to 1820 ppb with vasospasm and peripheral vascular insufficiency culminating in &quot;<b>blackfoot disease</b>,&quot; a gangrenous condition affecting the extremities. Chronic arsenic exposure has also been associated with a greatly<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><b>elevated risk of skin cancer</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>and possibly of cancers of the lung, liver (angiosarcoma), bladder, kidney, and colon.</font></p><p><font size="3" face="Arial"><b>LABORATORY FINDINGS</b></font></p><p><font size="3" face="Arial">When acute arsenic poisoning is suspected, an x-ray of the abdomen may reveal ingested arsenic, which is radiopaque. The serum arsenic level may exceed 0.9 umol/L (7 ug/dL); however, arsenic is rapidly cleared from the blood. Electrocardiographic findings may include QRS complex broadening, QT prolongation, ST-segment depression, T-wave flattening, and multifocal ventricular tachycardia. Urinary arsenic should be measured in 24-h specimens collected after 48 h of abstinence from seafood ingestion; normally, levels of total urinary arsenic excretion are less than 0.67 umol/d (50 ug/d). Arsenic may be detected in the hair and nails for months after exposure. Abnormal liver function, anemia, leukocytosis or leukopenia, proteinuria, and hematuria may be detected. Electromyography may reveal features similar to those of Guillain-Barre syndrome.</font></p><b><font size="2" face="Arial"><p>TREATMENT</p></font></b><table width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">    <tbody>        <tr>            <td width="42" valign="baseline"><img width="12" hspace="15" height="12" alt="bullet" src="../grafics4/urbbul3a.gif" /></td>            <td width="100%" valign="top"><font size="3" face="Arial">Vomiting should be induced with ipecac in the alert patient with acute arsenic ingestion.&nbsp;</font></td>        </tr>        <tr>            <td width="42" valign="baseline"><img width="12" hspace="15" height="12" alt="bullet" src="../grafics4/urbbul3a.gif" /></td>            <td width="100%" valign="top"><font size="3" face="Arial">Gastric lavage may be useful; activated charcoal with a cathartic (such as sorbitol) may be tried.</font></td>        </tr>        <tr>            <td width="42" valign="baseline"><img width="12" hspace="15" height="12" alt="bullet" src="../grafics4/urbbul3a.gif" /></td>            <td width="100%" valign="top"><font size="3" face="Arial">&nbsp;Aggressive therapy with intravenous fluid and electrolyte replacement in an intensive-care setting may be life-saving.</font></td>        </tr>        <tr>            <td width="42" valign="baseline"><img width="12" hspace="15" height="12" alt="bullet" src="../grafics4/urbbul3a.gif" /></td>            <td width="100%" valign="top"><font size="3" face="Arial"><b>Dimercaprol</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>is the chelating agent of choice and is administered intramuscularly at an initial dose of 3 to 5 mg/kg on the following schedule: every 4 h for 2 days, every 6 h on the third day, and every 12 h thereafter for 10 days. (An oral chelating agent may be substituted.)<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><b>Succimer</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>is sometimes an effective alternative, particularly if adverse reactions to dimercaprol develop (such as nausea, vomiting, headache, increased blood pressure, and convulsions). In cases of renal failure, doses should be adjusted carefully, and<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><b>hemodialysis</b><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>may be needed to remove the chelating agent-arsenic complex. Arsine gas poisoning should be treated supportively with the goals of maintaining renal function and circulating red-cell mass.&nbsp;</font></td>        </tr>    </tbody></table></span></span></p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>]]></description><category>随笔札记</category><comments>http://www.51hbv.com/post/870.html#comment</comments><wfw:comment>http://www.51hbv.com/</wfw:comment><wfw:commentRss>http://www.51hbv.com/feed.asp?cmt=870</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.51hbv.com/cmd.asp?act=tb&amp;id=870&amp;key=dc34cc59</trackback:ping></item><item><title>神經毒sapotoxin,Alocasia Macrorrhiza 姑婆芋 又叫觀音蓮全株有毒</title><author>zhaoniupai@163.com (zhaoniupai)</author><link>http://www.51hbv.com/post/869.html</link><pubDate>Sun, 25 Apr 2010 22:00:39 +0800</pubDate><guid>http://www.51hbv.com/post/869.html</guid><description><![CDATA[<p><span style="color: rgb(153, 204, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">神經毒</span><span lang="EN-US">sapotoxin</span></span><span><span><span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span">,Alocasia  Macrorrhiza </span></span></span></span><span><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">姑婆芋</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">又叫觀音蓮</span></span></strong></span></span><span style="color: rgb(153, 204, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">全株有毒</span></span></strong></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">廣泛生長在台灣公尺以下的山區，因長相與芋頭類似，塊莖常被誤食而中毒。因全株有毒，根、莖、葉皆不可食。毒性成份為神經毒</span><span lang="EN-US">sapotoxin</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">及全株含有草酸 鈣。。汁液有腐蝕性，使上消化道的腸胃炎腹瀉、腹痛、噁心、嘔吐等及口腔有燒痛、潰瘍、麻木感、喉嚨痛、失聲、吞嚥困難、胸悶及唇腫。以支持性療法為主。 在國內一項二十七人姑婆芋中毒的統計發現，大多數人熟食或生吃其嫩葉</span><span lang="EN-US">(leaf)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">及塊莖、球根</span><span lang="EN-US">(tuber)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">導致。</span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 0);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong><span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" class="Apple-style-span">中文學名：海芋 ~ 姑婆芋<br />拉丁學名：<i>Alocasia macrorrhiza<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></i>( L.)<br />別名：野芋、觀音蓮、山芋、天荷<br />科屬地位：大型常綠多年生草本<br /><br />有毒部位:全株有毒，根、莖、葉皆不可食。<br />毒性成份為神經毒sapotoxin及全株含有草酸鈣。。汁液有腐蝕性，<br />使上消化道的腸胃炎腹瀉、腹痛、噁心、嘔吐等及口腔有燒痛、<br />潰瘍、麻木感、喉嚨痛、失聲、吞嚥困難、胸悶及唇腫。<br /><br />陰或中性植物，喜蔭涼濕潤環境，分布於中低山區。<br />多年生大型草本，莖肉質，粗壯，高可達３～５公尺；葉心形，長可達１公尺，葉柄長，略包莖，葉鞘基部可積水；花單性，佛燄苞片粉綠色；漿果紅色。<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br /><br />在澳門野外好常見...大家不要多手，去攪牠<br /><br />地點：龍爪角<br />時間：2004-06-27<br />器材：10D + Simga 180/3.5 + 550EX</span></span></strong></span></span></p><p><span style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; font-size: medium;" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" class="Apple-style-span"><br /><div id="db_zone_photos"><a style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 85, 0);" target="_blank" href="http://coolexotics.com/photos/lrey/photo-297809.html"><img height="90px" border="1" style="border-width: 0px;" title="Alocasia macrorrhiza" alt="Alocasia macrorrhiza" src="http://coolexotics.com/modules/pix/cache/vignettes_0/GBPIX_vignette_18.jpg" /></a></div></span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span">Alocasia Macrorrhiza</span></span></span></span><span style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; font-size: medium;" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="" class="Apple-style-span"><p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: medium;">Originating in Southern Asia and growing throughout the<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br />Southern Pacific. Ancient Polynesians (Hawaiians)<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br />call the Alocasia Macrorrhiza plant `Ape.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br />By some, this plant is referred to as &quot;wild&quot; Taro.</span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: medium;">This variety of Alocasia Macrorrhiza is sometimes<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br />referred to as elephant ears or upright elephant ears.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br />Upright is used as a description of the Alocasia Macrorrhiza<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br />leaves standing straight up pointing skyward.<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br />The descriptive comparison to<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br />an Elephant's ear probably came from another plant<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br /></span></span><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><a href="colocasia.html"><span style="font-size: medium;">(perhaps Taro, Colocasia esculenta)</span></a><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>with<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br />leaves that do not stand upright, but rather point<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br />towards the ground looking like the droopy ears of<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br />an Elephant. All together, the description was applied<br />to the Alocasia Macrorrhiza describing them as<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br />&quot;UPright Elephant Ears&quot;, I have shortened it all and<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br />refer to them from time to time as &quot;UPees&quot;.</span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span">The leaves of Alocasia Macrorrhiza push out of the center of the plant from within the innermost Alocasia leaf stem. After the leaves unroll and open the tips of the Alocasia leaves can reach heights of 10 and 12 feet! The Alocasia leaves are very impressive with widths about 2 feet and lengths reaching 4 feet. In some cases even larger.</span></span></span></span><span style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; font-size: medium;" class="Apple-style-span"><span style="" class="Apple-style-span"><p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: medium;">As the Alocasia leaves die off a dry brown husk will remain. If the husk were to be removed you would see a ring under the husk. This ring is a scar from the Alocasia leaf that was there. The rings are a good indicator of how many leaves the Alocasia Macrorrhiza plant produced.</span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: medium;">When actively growing, the Alocasia stalk grows larger with each new leaf. Under tropical growing conditions, the Alocasia stalk will grow to about 4 inches in diameter or more. The Alocasia stalk can reach heights of about 6 feet or more in warmer tropical climates. In less than best conditions the Alocasia stalk might grow like vines along the ground producing plantlets from the stalk at varying intervals. If the Alocasia plant does not have the best growing conditions, water, temperature, and light, it will begin to go dormant indicated by each new leaf getting progressively smaller. The plant will eventually slow down until it receives the proper care. If the proper conditions are restored, the plant will revive from the smallest of remaining piece of the tuber that can be found. When the plant is returned to an environment with the proper growing conditions, it will again start to come alive with new growth.</span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 128);"><span style="font-size: medium;">Review the &quot;Book of Records&quot; page and see if yours are larger than the recorded sizes.</span></span></p></span></span></p></span></span></p>]]></description><category>随笔札记</category><comments>http://www.51hbv.com/post/869.html#comment</comments><wfw:comment>http://www.51hbv.com/</wfw:comment><wfw:commentRss>http://www.51hbv.com/feed.asp?cmt=869</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.51hbv.com/cmd.asp?act=tb&amp;id=869&amp;key=22dd0420</trackback:ping></item><item><title>慢性肺部阻塞性疾病呼吸功能室外空氣污染</title><author>zhaoniupai@163.com (zhaoniupai)</author><link>http://www.51hbv.com/post/868.html</link><pubDate>Sun, 25 Apr 2010 21:57:41 +0800</pubDate><guid>http://www.51hbv.com/post/868.html</guid><description><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: rgb(153, 204, 0);"><strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">慢性肺部阻塞性疾病</font></span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">呼吸功能</font></span></strong><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">室外空氣污染</span></b></font></span></span><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></font><span style="font-size: large;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-US">    </span></b></font><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">    </font></span></p><p style="line-height: 200%;">&nbsp;</p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><p style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">空氣污染對於嬰兒會導致其呼吸系統的防護機制發育不完全</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">,     </font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">因此容易增加其呼吸系統感染的危險。</font></span></p><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">    </font></span></p><p style="line-height: 200%;">&nbsp;</p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><p style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">對老年人</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">,     </font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">空氣污染會使其呼吸保護機制功能障礙及減少存留的呼吸功能</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">,     </font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">而增加其呼吸系統感染及肺功能損傷的危險</font></span></p><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">    </font></span></p><p style="line-height: 200%;">&nbsp;</p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><p style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">對於氣喘的人</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">,     </font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">空氣污染會增加其氣管的反應度及敏感度，致使呼吸症狀惡化。</font></span></p><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">    </font></span></p><p style="line-height: 200%;">&nbsp;</p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><p style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">對於慢性肺部阻塞性疾病</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">(COPD)</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">的患者、空氣污染會減少肺功能</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">,     </font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">增加病患功能性損傷的危險。</font></span></p><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">     </font></span></p><p style="line-height: 200%;">&nbsp;</p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><p style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">對於心臟缺血冠狀動脈疾病的人，空氣污染會增加心肌細胞的缺氧狀態，會增加發生心肌缺氧的危險。</font></span></p><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">    </font></span></p><p style="line-height: 200%;">&nbsp;</p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><p style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">對於抽煙的人、空氣污染會使肺部保護及清除功能受到損傷、增加抽煙對肺部的傷害。</font></span></p><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">    </font></span></p><p style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">   <span style="font-family: 新細明體;">因此，空氣污染可能增加心肺功能不良者的死亡率 及患病率</span><span lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">增加一般民眾呼吸道感染的機率。</span></font></span><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">    </font></p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>]]></description><category>随笔札记</category><comments>http://www.51hbv.com/post/868.html#comment</comments><wfw:comment>http://www.51hbv.com/</wfw:comment><wfw:commentRss>http://www.51hbv.com/feed.asp?cmt=868</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.51hbv.com/cmd.asp?act=tb&amp;id=868&amp;key=a1f78f1b</trackback:ping></item><item><title>熱痙攣(heat cramps)肌肉痙攣，稱之熱痙攣</title><author>zhaoniupai@163.com (zhaoniupai)</author><link>http://www.51hbv.com/post/867.html</link><pubDate>Sun, 25 Apr 2010 21:53:41 +0800</pubDate><guid>http://www.51hbv.com/post/867.html</guid><description><![CDATA[<p><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><p style="margin-left: 24pt; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;">一、<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;    </span></span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">溫度異常</span></b></span></span><b style=""><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><p style="margin-left: 24pt; text-indent: -24pt;"><b style=""><span lang="EN-US">   </span></b></p></span><p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 204, 0);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">生活或工作環境溫度高，可能會引起健康的傷害含熱痙攣</span><span lang="EN-US">(heat    cramps)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">、熱耗損</span><span lang="EN-US">(heat    exhaustion)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">、及熱中風</span><span lang="EN-US">(heat    stroke)</span></span></strong></span></span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">1.</span></span></span><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">熱痙攣</span><span lang="EN-US">(heat  cramps):</span></b></span></span></font><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b style=""><span lang="EN-US"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">長久在熱環境工作流汗太多，來不及補充 水份，以致於肌肉痙攣，稱之熱痙攣。治療之道為休息及適當的補充水份。</span></span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">2.</span><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">熱耗損</span><span lang="EN-US">(heat     exhaustion): </span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">長久在熱環境工作流汗太多，來不 及補充水份，以致於虛弱、頭痛、噁心、及昏倒發生。治療之道為移到陰涼處，不斷小量的補充水份，甚至給予靜脈點滴以加速恢復。</span></span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 9pt; text-indent: -9pt;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">3.</span><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">熱中風</span><span lang="EN-US">(heat  stroke):</span></b><span lang="EN-US">    </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">長久在熱環境工作流汗太多，來不及補充水份，以致於虛弱、頭痛、噁 心、暈眩、及意識昏亂發生。<b style="">最特別的是病人皮膚是乾、熱的。</b>量血壓可能休克，進而引起腎衰竭及死亡都可能發生。立即馬上 使病患的溫度下降是最重要的處理方法。</span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">溫度高除了上述併發症外，也會減少工作效率，使精子品質變差，使其數目減少而無法懷孕</span></span></span></p></font></p>]]></description><category>随笔札记</category><comments>http://www.51hbv.com/post/867.html#comment</comments><wfw:comment>http://www.51hbv.com/</wfw:comment><wfw:commentRss>http://www.51hbv.com/feed.asp?cmt=867</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.51hbv.com/cmd.asp?act=tb&amp;id=867&amp;key=55d1fa14</trackback:ping></item><item><title>潛水夫病(又叫做減壓症)decompression sickness壓力異常</title><author>zhaoniupai@163.com (zhaoniupai)</author><link>http://www.51hbv.com/post/866.html</link><pubDate>Sun, 25 Apr 2010 21:48:30 +0800</pubDate><guid>http://www.51hbv.com/post/866.html</guid><description><![CDATA[<p><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體;"> </span></b></font><span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0);"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style="">潛水夫病</b></font></span><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-US">(</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">又 叫做減壓症</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span></b></font><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-US">decompression    sickness</span></b></font><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">壓力異常</span></b></font></span></span><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p> </span></b></font></p><p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">工作環境的壓力異常最常引起的是<b style="">潛水夫病</b></font></span><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-US">(</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">又 叫做減壓症</span><span lang="EN-US">)decompression   sickness</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">，包括潛水工作者，深入地下工作的人，如地 下鐵開挖者、下水道建築工人、深井工人等深入地下及海底的人或坐飛機加壓艙失效都有機會得到此種疾病。因為壓力高的海底突然到壓力低的海面，沒經減壓程 序，則血中的溶解的氮氣因壓力突然降低，而變成氣泡出來，如栓塞般到處傷害身體。台北市地下捷運工人因忽略減壓程序，而得到潛水夫病，即是其中的一個例 子。在壓力大的環境中例如深入海底</span><span lang="EN-US">30</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">公尺，容易發生氮氣麻醉現象</span><span lang="EN-US">(Nitrogen    narcosis)( </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">由於氮氣在血中的分壓升高，使用壓縮空氣者會 有欣然的幻覺如同被麻醉現象，無法做出正確的判斷及處置。）；直到海底下</span><span lang="EN-US">150</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">公尺，則會有有高壓力神經症狀</span><span lang="EN-US">(High    pressure ,) (</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">四肢及軀 體抖動、噁心、嘔吐、頭暈、嗜睡等現象）出現。下降速度越快，則症狀越嚴重。</span></font></span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">一般而言，深入的地區承受的壓力 小於</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">1.25</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">個大氣壓，則很少發生潛水夫病； 當然超過這個壓力，也要注意病患減壓程序的速率是否太快，一起判斷，才能診斷病患是否可能得到潛水夫病。任何人在</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">24</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">到</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">48</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">小時內曾從事高壓工作有病狀發生， 都要懷疑是有潛水夫病發生。</font></span></span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">潛水夫病</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">(decompression   sickness)</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">可分為急性及慢性潛水夫病兩大項；其中急性潛水夫病又分為第一型及第二型潛水夫病；而且第一型與第二型也可能混合發生。</font></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">&nbsp;</font></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><o:p></o:p></font><span style="font-size: medium;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-US">1.  </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">急性潛水夫病</span><span lang="EN-US">(acute    decompression sickness) </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">：</span></b></font></span></span><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">  </span></span></b></font></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">第一型潛水夫病：</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">在解除壓力後數小時發生，病患會有四肢疼痛及皮膚刺激感覺及皮疹。疼痛的地方無法清楚的指出，而且不只一處，疼痛往往相當厲害，須要馬上的 治療。即使症狀輕微，患者常被鼓勵回到工作的地方，再度加壓的治療。皮疹常會有些癢，這些病變是微小空氣泡蓄積在微血管所致。常在加壓治療後，會逐漸消 失。</span><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;</span></font></span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">第二型潛水夫病：</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">是較嚴重的潛水夫病，可能是氣體栓塞傷害全身所致。常在快速減壓後浮到水面或上升到地面時產生氣體栓塞馬上發作症狀，或在</span><span lang="EN-US">24</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">小時內發生。含有多種症狀包括心 臟、神經、及眼睛系統的異常。病患常有頭暈、嘔吐、四肢麻木、虛弱、下半身或身體半邊麻痹</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">可能是血管內氣體栓塞導致多處脊髓的損傷所致），頭痛、抽筋、昏迷，眼睛有閃光、瞎掉、呼吸困 難、咳血，心臟缺血、心律不整、低血壓、休克等症狀。若沒有詢問到有關高壓暴露病史，診斷是相當困難的。緊急的加壓治療及給予氧氣是必要，因為病人可能隨 時會有死亡。病患必須馬上維持</span><span lang="EN-US">Trendelenburg</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">姿勢，就是頭低腳高左側躺的位置，以預防血管中空氣栓塞跑到腦部，造成更大的傷害。</span></font></span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></span></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 153);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">&nbsp;</font></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><o:p></o:p></font><span style="font-size: medium;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"><span style="font-size: medium;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-US">2.  </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">慢性潛水夫病</span><span lang="EN-US">(chronic    decompression sickness)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">：</span></b></font></span></span><font face="新細明體" mstheme=""><b style=""><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US">  </span></span></b></font></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">&nbsp; </font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">長久從事高壓工作的人，容易發生 對稱性高壓骨病變，尤其是無菌性股骨頭壞死</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">(aseptic   bone necrosis)</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">。據估計在</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">20%</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">攜帶壓縮氣體工作者及</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">4%</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">職業潛水者，在他們的長骨及長骨接近關節處在</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">X</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">光檢查下，會有壞死的病變存在。幸 運的是這些病變往往沒症狀，常出現在潛水超過</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">30</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">公尺或使用壓縮空氣</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">4</font></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">小時以上的工人身上。骨病變原因仍不清楚，但可能仍是氣體栓塞所致。靠近關節的骨病變，可能會影響關節 的穩定度，是否能從事原來工作，仍須再作評估，骨科醫師處理是必要的。其他慢性潛水夫病的症狀，大多數為神經症狀例如頭痛、失眠、噁心、對酒無法忍受、脾 氣暴烈、記憶力不好等。神經症狀原因仍不清楚，可能是氣體栓塞引起腦部多處小病變所致。</font></span></span></p><p><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></p><p><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></p><p><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></p><p><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">參 考資料：</font></span></p><p><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></p><p style="margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">1.<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp;   </span>Hunter&rsquo;s Disease of Occupation. Chapter 12, Increased barometric    pressure, page 523-570.1997</font></span></p><p><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></p><p style="margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">2.<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp;   </span>Sealey JL: Aseptic bone necrosis in compressed air workers. J  Occup Med   1975; 17:666-667.</font></span></p><p><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">  </font></p><p style="margin-left: 12pt; text-indent: -12pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="新細明體" mstheme="">3.<span style="font: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp;   </span>Zenz C: Occupational Medicine; Chapter 22, Physical work and heat  stress.   Page334-356.1998</font></span></p>]]></description><category>随笔札记</category><comments>http://www.51hbv.com/post/866.html#comment</comments><wfw:comment>http://www.51hbv.com/</wfw:comment><wfw:commentRss>http://www.51hbv.com/feed.asp?cmt=866</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.51hbv.com/cmd.asp?act=tb&amp;id=866&amp;key=df906846</trackback:ping></item><item><title>牛仔从未来</title><author>zhaoniupai@163.com (zhaoniupai)</author><link>http://www.51hbv.com/post/865.html</link><pubDate>Tue, 11 Aug 2009 05:55:49 +0800</pubDate><guid>http://www.51hbv.com/post/865.html</guid><description><![CDATA[牛仔从未来<br/><br/><img onload="ResizeImage(this,520)" src="http://www.51hbv.com/upload/200908110601303604.jpg" alt="" title=""/><br/><br/>项目游牧民族的机械车辆概念的设计师杰森巴特斯 。车辆设计的像一个骑马的可以去攀登陡峭的等级，甚至浏览岩石和石块。最好的部分，它认为自己的燃料。 使用内置的GPS系统，马寻找植被它然后消耗和转换为燃料。 这真是一个梦幻般的设计，梦幻般的好的和坏的方法，即使我有低的期望一样骑着马，在我死了，我不知道这是怎么回事，以弹出领域中的个人运输，在不久的今后，随着我们走向这个石油危机..<br/><br/><img onload="ResizeImage(this,520)" src="http://www.51hbv.com/upload/200908110601386574.jpg" alt="" title=""/><br/><img onload="ResizeImage(this,520)" src="http://www.51hbv.com/upload/200908110601517535.jpg" alt="" title=""/><br/><img onload="ResizeImage(this,520)" src="http://www.51hbv.com/upload/200908110602016742.jpg" alt="" title=""/><br/><img onload="ResizeImage(this,520)" src="http://www.51hbv.com/upload/200908110602128408.jpg" alt="" title=""/>.<br/>]]></description><category>随笔札记</category><comments>http://www.51hbv.com/post/865.html#comment</comments><wfw:comment>http://www.51hbv.com/</wfw:comment><wfw:commentRss>http://www.51hbv.com/feed.asp?cmt=865</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.51hbv.com/cmd.asp?act=tb&amp;id=865&amp;key=fe4beb26</trackback:ping></item><item><title>比反恐特警牛X的快递员</title><author>zhaoniupai@163.com (zhaoniupai)</author><link>http://www.51hbv.com/post/864.html</link><pubDate>Thu, 30 Jul 2009 15:52:56 +0800</pubDate><guid>http://www.51hbv.com/post/864.html</guid><description><![CDATA[比反恐特警牛X的快递员<br/><br/><img onload="ResizeImage(this,520)" src="http://www.51hbv.com/upload/200908010103155741.jpg" alt="" title=""/><br/><br/>jie Yun Express的快递员比SWAT(反恐特警组)的JC叔叔还熟悉地形。<br/>是个有趣的创意，只是不知道为什么，看到这广告，我的第一反应还是DHL。<br/><br/>延伸阅读： DHL(环球快递)系列广告<br/><br/>Agency: Firstell Communications, Shanghai, China<br/>Creative Directors: Murphy Chou, Rich Shiue<br/>Art Directors: Rich Shiue, Jonnal Chang, Lii Chiagn, Kens Cao<br/>Copywriters: Murphy Chou, Giant Kung<br/>Photographers: Lai, Jer-I<br/><br/>]]></description><category>随笔札记</category><comments>http://www.51hbv.com/post/864.html#comment</comments><wfw:comment>http://www.51hbv.com/</wfw:comment><wfw:commentRss>http://www.51hbv.com/feed.asp?cmt=864</wfw:commentRss><trackback:ping>http://www.51hbv.com/cmd.asp?act=tb&amp;id=864&amp;key=a217fa51</trackback:ping></item></channel></rss>
