丙型肝炎病毒-常見問題
Provided by the National Center for Infectious Diseases 所提供的國家傳染病中心

Diagnosis and testing 診斷與測試
How is HCV spread from one person to another? 丙型肝炎病毒是如何從一個人傳播到另一個？
Pregnancy and Breast feeding 懷孕和母乳喂養
Counseling 諮詢
Long-term Consequences of HCV Infection 長期後果對丙型肝炎病毒感染
Management and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C 管理和治療慢性丙型肝炎
Genotype 基因型
Hepatitis C and Healthcare Workers 丙型肝炎及護理人員
Diagnosis and testing 診斷與測試

What is hepatitis C? 什麼是丙型肝炎？
Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is found in the blood of persons who have this disease. 丙型肝炎是一種肝臟疾病引起的丙型肝炎病毒（ HCV ） ，這是在血液中發現的人誰有這種疾病。 HCV is spread by contact with the blood of an infected person. 丙型肝炎病毒是通過接觸傳播的血液感染者。

What blood tests are available to check for hepatitis C? 什麼驗血可以檢查丙型肝炎？
There are several blood tests that can be done to determine if you have been infected with HCV. 有一些血液測試 ， 才能確定您是否已感染丙肝病毒。 Your doctor may order just one or a combination of these tests. 您的醫生可能會以一個或組合的這些試驗。 The following are the types of tests your doctor may order and the purpose for each: 以下是該類型的測試您的醫生可命令的目的每個：
Anti-HCV (antibody to HCV) 抗- HCV （丙型肝炎病毒抗體）
o EIA 環境影響評估
(enzyme immunoassay) （酶聯免疫法）
This test is usually done first. 該測試通常是第一次。 If positive, it should be confirmed 如果積極的，應當確認
o RIBA 免疫印跡
(recombinant immunoblot assay （重組免疫印跡法
A supplemental test used to confirm a positive EIA test 補充測試用來確定一個積極的環境影響評估試驗
Anti-HCV does not tell whether the infection is new (acute), chronic (long-term) or is no longer present. 抗- HCV 不知道感染的是新的（急性） ，慢性（長期）或不再存在。
Qualitative tests to detect presence or absence of virus (HCV RNA) 定性測試 ， 以檢測是否存在病毒（ HCV RNA ）的
o Generic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 通用聚合酶鏈反應（ PCR ）
o Amplicor HCV™ 丙型肝炎病毒™ Amplicor
Quantitative tests to detect amount (titer) of virus (HCV RNA) 定量測試 ， 以檢測數額（效價）的病毒（ HCV RNA ）的
o Amplicor HCV Monitor™ 丙型肝炎病毒監視器™ Amplicor
o Quantiplex HCV RNA (bDNA) Quantiplex丙型肝炎病毒RNA （ bDNA ）

PCR and other tests to directly detect virus are not licensed tests and are only available on a research-basis. 聚合酶鏈反應和其他測試 ， 直接檢測病毒不許可測試 ， 並只適用於研究的基礎上。 A single positive PCR test indicates infection with HCV. 一個積極的聚合酶鏈反應測試顯示感染丙型肝炎病毒。 A single negative test does not prove that a person is not infected. Virus may be present in the blood and just not found by PCR. 一個消極的試驗並不能證明一個人是不會受到感染。病毒可能存在於血液和公正的沒有發現用PCR 。 Also, a person infected in the past who has recovered may have a negative test. 另外，感染者在過去誰已經恢復可能有負面的考驗。 When hepatitis C is suspected and PCR is negative, PCR should be repeated. 當丙型肝炎是懷疑和PCR是否定的，聚合酶鏈反應應當重複。

Can you have a "false positive" anti-HCV test result? 你能有一個“假陽性”抗- HCV 檢測結果？
Yes. 是。 A false positive test means the test looks as if it is positive, but it is really negative. 誤報測試手段測試好像它是積極的，但是 ， 這的確是負面的。 This happens more often in persons who have a low risk for the disease for which they are being tested. 這更多地常常發生在人誰擁有一個低風險的疾病 ， 他們正在測試。 For example, false positive anti-HCV tests happen more often in persons such as blood donors who are at low risk for hepatitis C. Therefore, it is important to confirm a positive anti-HCV test with a supplemental test as most false positive anti-HCV tests are reported as negative on supplemental testing. 例如，假陽性抗- HCV 檢測中更頻繁地發生的人 ， 如獻血者誰是低風險的丙型肝炎因此，重要的是確認一個積極的抗- HCV 測試的補充測試最假陽性反丙型肝炎病毒檢測報告為陰性的補充測試。

Can you have a "false negative" anti-HCV test result? 你能有一個“假陰性”抗- HCV 檢測結果？
Yes. 是。 Persons with early infection may not as yet have developed antibody levels high enough that the test can measure. 早期感染者可能尚未開發的抗體水平足夠高 ， 測試可以衡量。 In addition, some persons may lack the (immune) response necessary for the test to work well. 此外，有些人可能缺乏（免疫）反應所必需的測試工作。 In these persons, research-based tests such as PCR may be considered. 在這些人，以研究為基礎的測試 ， 如PCR技術可被視為。

How long after exposure to HCV does it take to test positive for anti-HCV? 長時間暴露後丙型肝炎病毒沒有考慮測試呈陽性 ， 抗- HCV ？
Anti-HCV can be found in 7 out of 10 persons when symptoms begin and in about 9 out of 10 persons within 3 months after symptoms begin. 抗- HCV 可在7個10人的症狀開始時 ， 在約9個10人後3個月內症狀開始。 However, it is important to note that many persons who have hepatitis C have no symptoms. 但是，必須指出的是 ， 許多人有C型肝炎誰沒有症狀。

How long after exposure to HCV does it take to test positive with PCR? 長時間暴露後丙型肝炎病毒沒有考慮到試驗陽性的PCR ？
It is possible to find HCV within 1 to 2 weeks after being infected with the virus. 有可能找到丙型肝炎病毒在1至2週後感染了艾滋病毒。

Who should get tested for hepatitis C? 誰應獲得檢測丙型肝炎？
o persons who ever injected illegal drugs, including those who injected once or a few times many years ago 人誰以往任何時候都注射毒品，其中包括誰注射一次或幾次多年前
o persons who were treated for clotting problems with a blood product made before 1987 when more advanced methods for manufacturing the products were developed 誰的人進行治療的凝血問題 ， 血液製品1987年前作出更先進的方法製造的產品開發
o persons who were notified that they received blood from a donor who later tested positive for hepatitis C 誰的人被告知 ， 他們收到捐贈者的血液誰藥檢呈陽性後丙型肝炎
o persons who received a blood transfusion or solid organ transplant before July 1992 when better testing of blood donors became available 人誰接受輸血或固體器官移植時 ， 1992年7月之前 ， 更好地測試獻血者可用
o long-term hemodialysis patients 長期血液透析患者
o persons who have signs or symptoms of liver disease (eg, abnormal liver enzyme tests) 人誰有跡象或症狀肝臟疾病（如肝酶異常的測試）
o healthcare workers after exposures (eg, needle sticks or splashes to the eye ) to HCV-positive blood on the job 醫務工作者接觸後（如針扎或飛濺到眼睛）對HCV陽性血液的工作
o children born to HCV-positive women 所生子女丙型肝炎病毒陽性婦女

What is the next step if you have a confirmed positive anti-HCV test? 什麼是下一步如果你有一個積極的證實丙型肝炎病毒抗體測試？
Measure the level of ALT ( alanine aminotransferase, a liver enzyme) in the blood. 測量水平的備選（谷丙轉氨酶，肝酶）在血液中。 An elevated ALT indicates inflammation of the liver and you should be checked further for chronic (long-term) liver disease and possible treatment. 轉氨酶升高表明肝臟炎症的各類和你應該進一步檢查治療慢性（長期）肝臟疾病及可能的治療。 The evaluation should be done by a healthcare professional familiar with chronic hepatitis C. 評價工作應由醫療專業人士熟悉慢性丙型肝炎

Can you have a normal liver enzyme (eg, ALT) level and still have chronic hepatitis C? 你能有一個正常的肝酶（例如，按ALT ）水平 ， 而且還有慢性丙型肝炎？
Yes. 是。 It is common for persons with chronic hepatitis C to have a liver enzyme level that goes up and down, with periodic returns to normal or near normal. 是很常見的人慢性丙型肝炎有肝酶水平的上升和下降，定期返回到正常或接近正常。 Some persons have a liver enzyme level that is normal for over a year but they still have chronic liver disease. 有些人有肝酶水平 ， 是正常的 ， 一年多來 ， 但他們仍然有慢性肝病。 If the liver enzyme level is normal, persons should have their enzyme level re-checked several times over a 6 to 12 month period. 如果肝酶水平是正常的，人應該有自己的酶水平重新檢查好幾次了6至12個月期間。 If the liver enzyme level remains normal, your doctor may check it less frequently, such as once a year. 如果肝酶水平仍然正常，你的醫生可能會檢查不經常，如每年一次。

How is HCV spread from one person to another? 丙型肝炎病毒是如何從一個人傳播到另一個？
How could a person have gotten hepatitis C? 如何才能得到一個人丙型肝炎？
HCV is spread primarily by direct contact with human blood. For example, you may have gotten infected with HCV if: 丙型肝炎病毒的傳播主要是通過直接接觸人體血液。例如，您可能會得到感染了丙型肝炎病毒 ， 如果：
o you ever injected street drugs, as the needles and/or other drug "works" used to prepare or inject the drug(s) may have had someone else's blood that contained HCV on them. 你曾經注射街藥物，如針頭和/或其他毒品“的作品”用於準備或注射毒品（縣）可能有別人的血液含有丙型肝炎病毒對他們。
o you received blood, blood products, or solid organs from a donor whose blood contained HCV. 您收到的血液，血液製品，或固體器官捐贈者的血液含有丙型肝炎病毒。
o you were ever on long-term kidney dialysis as you may have unknowingly shared supplies/equipment that had someone else's blood on them. 你曾經長期腎透析作為您可能不知不覺地共享用品/設備 ， 別人的血他們。
o you were ever a healthcare worker and had frequent contact with blood on the job, especially accidental needlesticks. 你是以往任何時候都醫護人員 ， 經常接觸血液的工作，特別是意外needlesticks 。
o your mother had hepatitis C at the time she gave birth to you. 您的母親丙型肝炎的時候 ， 她生下了你。 During the birth her blood may have gotten into your body. 在她出生的血液可能得到進入你的身體。
o you ever had sex with a person infected with HCV. 你曾經過性關係的人感染了丙型肝炎病毒。
o you lived with someone who was infected with HCV and shared items such as razors or toothbrushes that might have had his/her blood on them. 你住誰與某人感染了丙型肝炎病毒和共享項目 ， 如剃刀或牙刷 ， 可能有他/她對他們的血液。

Is there any evidence that HCV has been spread during medical or dental procedures done in the United States? 是否有任何證據表明 ， 丙型肝炎病毒已蔓延在醫療或牙醫程序所做的美國？
Medical and dental procedures done in most settings in the United States do not pose a risk for the spread of HCV. 醫療和牙科程序所做的大多數設置在美國不構成威脅的丙型肝炎病毒的蔓延。 There have, however, been some reports that HCV has been spread between patients in hemodialysis units where supplies or equipment may have been shared between patients. 有，但是，一些報導說 ， 丙型肝炎病毒已蔓延患者血液透析單位用品或設備可能已被患者之間共享。

Can HCV be spread by sexual activity? 丙型肝炎病毒是可以通過性行為傳播？
Yes, but this does not occur very often. 是的，但是這並不經常發生。 See section on counseling for more information on hepatitis C and sexual activity. 見一節輔導的更多信息 ， 丙型肝炎和性活動。

Can HCV be spread by oral sex? 可以傳播丙型肝炎病毒是口交？
There is no evidence that HCV has been spread by oral sex. See section on counseling for more information on hepatitis C and sexual activity. 沒有證據表明病毒已傳播口交。見一節輔導的更多信息 ， 丙型肝炎和性活動。

Can HCV be spread within a household? 丙型肝炎病毒傳播可以在一個家庭？
Yes, but this does not occur very often. 是的，但是這並不經常發生。 If HCV is spread within a household, it is most likely due to direct exposure to the blood of an infected household member. 如果是丙型肝炎病毒家庭內傳播，很可能是由於直接接觸的血液被感染的家庭成員。

Since more advanced tests have been developed for use in blood banks, what is the chance now that a person can get HCV infection from transfused blood or blood products? 因為更先進的測試已經開發用於血庫，什麼是現在的機會 ， 一個人可以從輸血感染丙型肝炎病毒的血液或血製品？
1 chance out of 100,000, per each transfused unit. 1機會的 10萬人，每單位輸血。

Pregnancy and Breast feeding 懷孕和母乳喂養

Should pregnant women be routinely tested for anti-HCV? 孕婦應進行例行檢測抗- HCV ？
No. Pregnant women have no greater risk of being infected with HCV then non-pregnant women.第孕婦沒有更大的可能被感染了丙型肝炎病毒然後非懷孕婦女。 If pregnant women have risk factors for hepatitis C, they should be tested for anti-HCV. 如果孕婦有危險因素的C型肝炎，應檢測抗- HCV 。

What is the risk that HCV infected women will spread HCV to their newborn infants? 什麼是風險 ， 丙型肝炎病毒感染的婦女將病毒傳播給他們的新生兒？
About 5 out of every 100 infants born to HCV infected women become infected. 約5中 ， 每100個嬰兒出生 ， 以丙型肝炎病毒感染的婦女受到感染。 This occurs at the time of birth, and there is no treatment that can prevent this from happening. 這發生在出生時，也沒有治療 ， 可以防止這種情況發生。 Most infants infected with HCV at the time of birth have no symptoms and do well during childhood. 大多數感染丙型肝炎病毒嬰兒在出生時沒有症狀 ， 做好在童年。 More studies are needed to find out if these children will have problems from the infection as they grow older. 還需要從事更多研究發現 ， 如果這些兒童將有問題的感染 ， 因為它們長大。 There are no licensed treatments or guidelines for the treatment of infants or children infected with HCV. 沒有執照的治療或指導方針 ， 用於治療嬰幼兒或兒童感染了丙型肝炎病毒。 Children with elevated ALT (liver enzyme) levels should be referred for evaluation to a specialist familiar with the management of children with HCV-related disease. 兒童轉氨酶升高（肝酶）的水平 ， 應提交的評價專家熟悉兒童的管理與丙型肝炎病毒相關的疾病。

Should a woman with hepatitis C be advised against breast-feeding? 如果一個女人丙型肝炎是建議不要母乳喂養？
No. There is no evidence that breast-feeding spreads HCV. HCV-positive mothers should consider abstaining from breast-feeding if their nipples are cracked or bleeding.號沒有任何證據表明 ， 母乳喂養傳播丙型肝炎病毒。丙型肝炎病毒陽性母親應考慮放棄母乳喂養 ， 如果他們的乳頭已經破裂或出血。

When should babies born to mothers with hepatitis C be tested to see if they were infected at birth? 應該在什麼時候出生的嬰兒的母親丙型肝炎檢測 ， 以了解他們是否在出生時受到感染？
Children should not be tested for anti-HCV before 12 months of age as anti-HCV from the mother may last until this age. If testing is desired prior to 12 months of age, PCR could be performed at or after an infant's first well-child visit at age 1-2 months. 兒童不應被檢測抗- HCV 前12個月的年齡為抗- HCV 的母親從去年5月到這個年齡。如果測試是理想的前12個月的年齡， PCR技術可以完成的嬰兒或之後的第一個良好的孩子訪問的1-2個月的年齡。

Counseling 諮詢

How can persons infected with HCV prevent spreading HCV to others? 如何才能與丙型肝炎病毒感染者預防丙型肝炎病毒傳播給他人？
o Do not donate blood, body organs, other tissue, or semen. (Note from Lyric: Organs MAY be donated to other people who have HepC. A HepC liver in good condition can save a life. Just be sure that everyone involved knows you are HepC positive!) 不要獻血，身體器官，其他組織或精液。 （注由抒情：機關可以捐獻給其他人誰也HepC 。甲HepC肝狀況良好可以拯救一個生命。是為了確保萬無一失 ， 每個人都知道你是參與HepC積極的！ ）
o Do not share personal items that might have your blood on them, such as toothbrushes, dental appliances, nail-grooming equipment or razors. 不要共享個人項目 ， 有可能對他們的血液，如牙刷，牙科設備，指甲美容設備或剃須刀。
o Cover your cuts and skin sores to keep from spreading HCV. 支付您的削減和皮膚潰瘍不斷蔓延的丙型肝炎病毒。

How can a person protect themselves from getting hepatitis C and other diseases spread by contact with human blood? 如何才能保護自己的人獲得丙型肝炎和其他疾病的傳播與人的血液中？
o Don't ever shoot drugs. 都不拍藥物。 If you shoot drugs, stop and get into a treatment program. 如果您拍攝藥物，停止和進入治療程序。 If you can't stop, never reuse or share syringes, water, or drug works, and get vaccinated against hepatitis A and hepatitis B. 如果你不能停止，永遠不會再使用或共享注射器，水，或藥物，並注射流感疫苗對A型肝炎和B型肝炎
o Do not share toothbrushes, razors, or other personal care articles. 不共用牙刷，剃刀或其他個人護理文章。 They might have blood on them. 他們有可能對他們的血液。
o If you are a healthcare worker, always follow routine barrier precautions and safely handle needles and other sharps. Get vaccinated against hepatitis B 如果你是一個醫療工作者，始終遵循常規障礙的預防措施和安全處理的針頭及其他銳器。注射流感疫苗對B型肝炎
o Consider the health risks if you are thinking about getting a tattoo or body piercing: You can get infected if: 考慮的健康風險 ， 如果您想獲得紋身或身體穿孔：您可以受到感染 ， 如果：
+ the tools that are used have someone else's blood on them. 所使用的工具有別人的血他們。
+ the artist or piercer doesn't follow good health practices, such as washing hands and using disposable gloves. 藝術家或刺穿不遵守良好的衛生習慣，如洗手 ， 使用一次性手套。

HCV can be spread by sex, but this does not occur very often. If you are having sex, but not with one steady partner: 丙型肝炎病毒可通過性傳播，但並不經常發生。如果你是同性戀者，但沒有一個穩定的合作夥伴：
o You and your partners can get other diseases spread by having sex (eg, AIDS, hepatitis B, gonorrhea or chlamydia). 您和您的合作夥伴可以得到的其他疾病的蔓延發生性行為（例如，艾滋病，乙型肝炎，淋病或衣原體感染） 。
o You should use latex condoms correctly and every time. 您應該使用乳膠避孕套正確每次。
o You should get vaccinated against hepatitis B. 你應該對B型肝炎疫苗

Should patients with hepatitis C change their sexual practices if they have only one long-term steady sex partner? 應丙型肝炎患者改變他們的性行為 ， 如果他們只有一個長期穩定的性伴侶？
No. There is a very low chance of spreading HCV to that partner through sexual activity.號有一個非常低的丙型肝炎病毒傳播的機會 ， 以合作夥伴 ， 通過性活動。 If you want to lower the small chance of spreading HCV to your sex partner, you may decide to use barrier precautions such as latex condoms. 如果你想降低小丙型肝炎病毒傳播的機會 ， 以你的性夥伴時，可能會決定使用障礙的預防措施 ， 如乳膠避孕套。 Ask your doctor about having your sex partner tested. 詢問您的醫生擁有自己的性夥伴進行測試。

What can persons with HCV infection do to protect their liver? 怎麼與丙型肝炎病毒感染者如何保護自己的肝臟？
o Stop using alcohol. 停止使用酒精。
o See your doctor regularly. 看到你的醫生定期。
o Don't start any new medicines or use over-the-counter, herbal, and other medicines without a physician's knowledge. 不啟動任何新藥物或使用的櫃檯，草藥，和其他藥品 ， 沒有醫生的知識。
o Get vaccinated against hepatitis A if liver damage is present. 注射流感疫苗對A型肝炎肝功能損害 ， 如果是本。

What other information should patients with hepatitis C be aware of? 其他具體內容丙型肝炎患者知道？
o HCV is not spread by sneezing, hugging, coughing, food or water, sharing eating utensils or drinking glasses, or casual contact. 丙型肝炎病毒是不會傳播的打噴嚏，擁抱，咳嗽，食物或水，或共用餐具飲用水眼鏡，或偶然接觸。
o Persons should not be excluded from work, school, play, child-care or other settings on the basis of their HCV infection status. 人不應被排除在工作，學校，娛樂，兒童保健或其他設置的基礎上 ， 他們的丙型肝炎病毒感染狀態。
o Involvement with a support group may help patients cope with hepatitis C. 參與支持小組可以幫助病人應付丙型肝炎

Should persons with chronic hepatitis C be vaccinated against hepatitis B? 應者慢性丙型肝炎接種B型肝炎？
If persons are in risk groups for whom hepatitis B vaccine is recommended, they should be vaccinated. 如果人是在高危人群的人乙型肝炎疫苗建議，應接種疫苗。 A Comprehensive Strategy for Eliminating Transmission in the United States Through Universal Childhood Vaccination) 一項全面戰略 ， 消除傳輸在美國通過普及兒童免疫接種）

Long-term Consequences of HCV Infection 長期後果對丙型肝炎病毒感染

What are the chances of persons with HCV infection developing long term infection, chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, liver cancer, or dying as a result of hepatitis C? 什麼是機會與丙型肝炎病毒感染者發展長期感染，慢性肝病，肝硬化，肝癌，或死亡 ， 由於丙型肝炎？
Of every 100 persons infected with HCV about: 每100名丙型肝炎病毒感染者約：
o 85 persons may develop long-term infection, 85人可能發展長期感染，
o 70 persons may develop chronic liver disease, 70人可能發展慢性肝病，
o 15 persons may develop cirrhosis over a period of 20 to 30 years, and 15人可能發展肝硬化經過一段20到30年，並
o 5 persons may die from the consequences of long term infection (liver cancer or cirrhosis). 5人可能死亡的後果 ， 長期感染（肝癌或肝硬化） 。

Do medical conditions outside the liver occur in persons with chronic hepatitis C? 這樣的醫療條件以外的肝發生在人與慢性丙型肝炎？
A small percentage of persons with chronic hepatitis C develop medical conditions outside the liver (this is called extrahepatic). These conditions are thought to occur due to the body's natural immune system fighting against itself. 有一小部分人慢性丙型肝炎制定醫療條件以外的肝（這就是所謂的外） 。這些條件被認為是發生由於身體的天然免疫系統打擊本身。 Such conditions include: glomerulonephritis, essential mixed cryoglobulinemia, and porphyria cutanea tarda. 這些條件包括：腎小球腎炎，基本混合冷球蛋白血症，和遲發性皮膚卟啉症。

Management and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C 管理和治療慢性丙型肝炎

When might a specialist (gastroenterologist or hepatologist) be consulted in the management of HCV-infected persons? 如果可能的專家（腸胃或hepatologist ）進行協商的管理 ， 丙型肝炎病毒感染者？
A referral to or consultation with a specialist for further evaluation and possible treatment may be considered if a person is anti-HCV positive and has elevated liver enzyme levels. 推薦到或諮詢專家作進一步的評估和可能的治療可被視為一個人如果是抗- HCV 陽性和肝酶水平。 Any physician who manages a person with hepatitis C should be knowledgeable and current on all aspects of the care of a person with hepatitis C. 任何醫生誰負責人丙型肝炎應了解和目前的各個方面照顧的人丙型肝炎

What is the treatment for chronic hepatitis C? 什麼是治療慢性丙型肝炎？
Antiviral drugs such as interferon used alone or in combination with ribavirin, are approved for the treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis C. Interferon works in 10 to 20 persons out of 100 treated. 抗病毒藥物如干擾素單獨使用或與病毒唑，是獲准用於治療者慢性丙型肝炎干擾素工程在10至20人的100處理。 Interferon combined with ribavirin works (on the viral strain that is mostly found in the US) in about 30-40 persons out of 100. 干擾素聯合利巴韋林工程（關於病毒株 ， 主要是在美國）在大約 30至40 人的100 。 Ribavirin, when used alone, does not work. 利巴韋林，當單獨使用，不能正常工作。

What are the side effects of interferon therapy? 有哪些副作用干擾素治療？
Most persons have flu-like symptoms (fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint aches, fast heart rate) early in treatment, but these lessen with continued treatment. 大多數人出現類似流感症狀（發熱，發冷，頭痛，肌肉及關節疼痛，快速心率）早期治療，但這些減少的繼續治療。 Later side effects may include tiredness, hair loss, low blood count, trouble with thinking, moodiness, and depression. 後來的副作用可能包括疲勞，脫髮，低血計數，遇到的思想，情緒低落，和抑鬱症。 Severe side effects are rare (seen in less than 2 out of 100 persons). 嚴重的副作用是罕見的（看到 ， 在不到2個100人） 。 These include thyroid disease, depression with suicidal thoughts, seizures, acute heart or kidney failure, eye and lung problems, hearing loss, and blood infection. 這些措施包括甲狀腺疾病，抑鬱症與自殺的想法，癲癇發作，急性心髒病或腎功能衰竭，眼睛和肺部問題，聽力喪失，和血液感染。 Although rare, deaths have occurred due to liver failure or blood infection, mostly in persons with cirrhosis. 雖然罕見，死亡發生因肝功能衰竭或血液感染，主要是在人肝硬化。 An important side effect of interferon is worsening of liver disease with treatment, which can be severe and even fatal. 一個重要的副作用干擾素正在惡化肝病治療，這可能是嚴重的甚至是致命的。 Interferon dosage must be reduced in up to 40 out of 100 persons because of severity of side effects, and treatment must be stopped in up to 15 out of 100 persons. 干擾素劑量必須減少多達40人100人 ， 因為嚴重的副作用，治療必須停止在多達15人100人。 Pregnant women should not be treated with interferon. 孕婦不應該干擾素治療。

What are the side effects of combination (ribavirin + interferon) treatment? 有哪些副作用組合（利巴韋林+干擾素）治療？
In addition to the side effects due to interferon described above, ribavirin can cause serious anemia (low red blood cell count) and can be a serious problem for persons with conditions that cause anemia, such as kidney failure. 除了副作用由於干擾素如上所述，利巴韋林可導致嚴重貧血（低紅細胞計數） ，並能成為一個嚴重問題的人的條件 ， 造成貧血，腎功能衰竭等。 In these persons, combination therapy should be avoided or attempts should be made to correct the anemia. 這些人中，綜合治療 ， 應避免或企圖應作出正確的性貧血。 Anemia caused by ribavirin can be life-threatening for persons with certain types of heart or blood vessel disease. 利巴韋林引起的貧血可危及生命的人對某些類型的心臟或血管疾病。 Ribavirin causes birth defects and pregnancy should be avoided during treatment. Patients and their healthcare providers should carefully review the product manufacturer information prior to treatment. 利巴韋林引起出生缺陷和懷孕期間應避免治療。病人和他們的醫療保健機構應當認真審查產品製造商的信息處理之前。

Can anything be done to reduce symptoms or side effects due to antiviral treatment? 什麼可以做 ， 以減少副作用症狀或由於抗病毒治療？
You should report what you are feeling to your doctor. 你應該報告你的感覺你的醫生。 Some side effects may be reduced by giving interferon at night or lowering the dosage of the drug. 一些副作用 ， 可能會減少 ， 使干擾素在夜間或降低劑量的藥物。 In addition, flu-like symptoms can be reduced by taking acetaminophen before treatment. 此外，類似流感的症狀可以減少對乙酰氨基酚治療前考慮。

Can children receive interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C? 可孩子們接受干擾素治療慢性丙型肝炎？
Antiviral drugs are not licensed for persons under 18 years of age. Children with hepatitis C should be referred to a children's specialist in liver diseases. 抗病毒藥物沒有授權的人年齡在18歲以下。兒童C型肝炎 ， 應提交兒童肝病專家。 You may want to ask your doctor about clinical trials that may be on-going for children. 您可能要問你的醫生有關的臨床試驗 ， 可能會持續的為兒童。
FOR MORE INFORMATION ON THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C - CLICK HERE FOR THE NIH WEBSITE 欲了解更多關於治療慢性丙型肝炎- 點擊這裡為美國國立衛生研究院網站

Genotype 基因型

What does the term genotype mean? 什麼長期基因型是什麼意思？
Genotype refers to the genetic make-up of an organism or a virus. 基因型是指遺傳組成的有機體或病毒。 There are at least 6 distinct HCV genotypes identified. Genotype 1 is the most common genotype seen in the United States. 目前至少有6不同HCV基因型鑑定。基因型1是最常見的基因型出現在美國。

Is it necessary to do genotyping when managing a person with chronic hepatitis C? 是否有必要做基因分型的人時 ， 管理與慢性丙型肝炎？
Yes, as there are 6 known genotypes and more than 50 subtypes of HCV, and genotype information is helpful in defining the epidemiology of hepatitis C. Knowing the genotype or serotype (genotype-specific antibodies) of HCV is helpful in making recommendations and counseling regarding therapy. Patients with genotypes 2 and 3 are almost three times more likely than patients with genotype 1 to respond to therapy with alpha interferon or the combination of alpha interferon and ribavirin. 是的，有6個已知基因型和50多個亞型的HCV和基因型信息有助於確定的流行病學了解丙型肝炎基因型或血清型（基因型特異性抗體）的HCV有助於提出建議和諮詢有關治療。患者基因型2和第3 ， 幾乎3倍於這樣的患者基因型1回應治療α - 干擾素或相結合的α - 干擾素和病毒唑。 Furthermore, when using combination therapy, the recommended duration of treatment depends on the genotype. For patients with genotypes 2 and 3, a 24-week course of combination treatment is adequate, whereas for patients with genotype 1, a 48-week course is recommended. 此外，在使用綜合療法，建議治療時間取決於基因型。患者的基因型2和第3 ， 24週課程的綜合治療是適當的，而患者的基因型1 ， 48週的課程建議。 For these reasons, testing for HCV genotype is often clinically helpful. Once the genotype is identified, it need not be tested again; genotypes do not change during the course of infection. 由於這些原因，檢測丙型肝炎病毒基因型往往是臨床上的幫助。一旦基因被確定，它不必再測試;基因型不改變的過程中感染。

Why do most persons remain infected? 為什麼大多數人仍然受病毒感染嗎？
Persons infected with HCV mount an antibody response to parts of the virus, but changes in the virus during infection result in changes that are not recognized by preexisting antibodies. 丙型肝炎病毒感染者的抗體反應掛載的部分病毒，但變化的過程中感染病毒造成的變化 ， 不承認存在的抗體。 This appears to be how the virus establishes and maintains long-lasting infection. 這似乎是病毒如何建立和保持長期感染。

Can persons become infected with different genotypes? 可人感染不同基因型？
Yes. 是。 Because of the ineffective immune response described above, prior infection does not protect against reinfection with the same or different genotypes of the virus. 由於無效的免疫反應如上所述，事先沒有感染防止再有相同或不同的基因型的病毒。 For the same reason, there is no effective pre- or postexposure prophylaxis (ie, immune globulin) available. 出於同樣的原因，沒有有效的前或暴露後預防（即免疫球蛋白）提供。

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Hepatitis C and Healthcare Workers 丙型肝炎及護理人員

What is the risk for HCV infection from a needle-stick exposure to HCV contaminated blood? 什麼是丙型肝炎病毒感染的危險從針刺接觸丙型肝炎病毒污染的血液？After needle stick or sharps exposure to HCV positive blood , about 2 (1.8%) healthcare workers out of 100 will get infected with HCV (range 0%-10%). 在針頭或銳器暴露HCV陽性血液，約2 （ 1.8 ％ ） ，醫務工作者的100會感染丙型肝炎病毒（範圍0 ％ -10 ％ ） 。

What are the recommendations for follow-up of healthcare workers after exposure to HCV positive blood? 有哪些建議的後續行動的醫務人員暴露後HCV陽性血？Anti-viral agents (eg, interferon) or immune globulin should not be used for postexposure prophylaxis. 抗病毒藥劑（如干擾素）或免疫球蛋白不應當用於暴露後預防。

1. For the source, baseline testing for anti-HCV. 源，基準測試 ， 抗- HCV 。
2. For the person exposed to an HCV-positive source, baseline and follow-up testing including 的人接觸到了丙型肝炎病毒陽性來源，基線和後續試驗包括
baseline testing for anti-HCV and ALT activity; and 基準測試的抗- HCV 及ALT的活動;和
follow-up testing for anti-HCV (eg, at 4-6 months) and ALT activity. (If earlier diagnosis of HCV infection is desired, testing for HCV RNA may be performed at 4-6 weeks.) 後續檢測抗- HCV （例如，在4-6個月）和ALT活性。 （如果早期診斷的丙型肝炎病毒感染是理想的，檢測丙型肝炎病毒RNA可完成4-6週。 ）
3. Confirmation by supplemental anti-HCV testing of all anti-HCV results reported as positive by enzyme immunoassay. 確認補充抗- HCV 檢測的所有抗- HCV 陽性結果的報告 ， 酶聯免疫。

Should HCV-infected healthcare workers be restricted in their work? 應丙型肝炎病毒感染的醫護人員受到限制他們的工作？
No, there are no recommendations to restrict a healthcare worker who is infected with HCV. 沒有，沒有任何限制的建議 ， 誰是醫護人員感染丙型肝炎病毒。 The risk of transmission from an infected healthcare worker to a patient appears to be very low. 傳播的危險從被感染的醫護人員給病人似乎非常低。 As recommended for all healthcare workers, those who are HCV positive should follow strict aseptic technique and standard precautions, including appropriate use of hand washing, protective barriers, and care in the use and disposal of needles and other sharp instruments. 建議對所有醫務人員，這些誰是HCV陽性應遵循嚴格的無菌技術和標準的預防措施，包括適當使用洗手，保護壁壘，並得到照顧的使用和處置的針頭及其他銳利文書。