肝炎感染乙型肝炎
Explore this section to learn more about hepatitis B, including a description of the disease and how it's diagnosed.探討本節，以了解更多關於B型肝炎，包括說明這種疾病以及它如何診斷。What is hepatitis B? 什麼是肝炎乙？Hepatitis B is a disease of the liver that is caused by the hepatitis B virus, or HBV.乙型肝炎是一種疾病， 肝臟而引起的乙型肝炎病毒，或乙肝病毒。Most hepatitis B infections are short-term, or acute, and do not cause lasting health problems.大多數B型肝炎感染是短期的，或急性，並不會導致持久的健康問題。 In 5% of adult cases, however, hepatitis B becomes a long-term (chronic) condition.在5 ％的成人病例，但是， B型肝炎成為長期（慢性）的條件。 Chronic hepatitis B can lead to more serious liver diseases, including cirrhosis , liver failure and liver cancer.慢性乙型肝炎可導致更嚴重的肝臟疾病，包括肝硬化 ，肝功能衰竭和肝癌。 15 to 25% of chronically infected persons will die from chronic liver disease. 15至25 ％的慢性感染者將死於慢性肝病。

Hepatitis B can be transmitted from a mother to her child during birth.乙型肝炎可以從一個母親，她在孩子出生。 Infants and children are much more likely than adults to develop chronic infection.嬰兒和兒童更容易發展比成人慢性感染。 90 percent of children infected at birth develop chronic infection.百分之九十的兒童出生時感染的慢性感染。 30 percent of children infected at age 1-5 years develop chronic infection.百分之三十的兒童感染年齡1-5年開發慢性感染。

1.4 million Americans are chronically infected with hepatitis B; it is responsible for 5,000 deaths annually.一百四十點〇 〇萬美國人慢性感染乙型肝炎;它負責5000人死亡。

A very small percent of people with acute hepatitis B may develop acute liver failure, a life-threatening condition that demands immediate medical attention.一個非常小的人的百分之急性乙型肝炎可制定急性肝功能衰竭，威脅生命的情況下，要求立即就醫。

What are the symptoms of hepatitis B? 有什麼症狀乙型肝炎？

Many people with acute hepatitis B, and most people with chronic hepatitis B, have no symptoms.許多人的急性乙型肝炎，大多數人慢性乙型肝炎，沒有任何症狀。 When symptoms do occur they are often mild and may include fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, headache, muscle soreness, pain near the liver and jaundice (a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes).症狀發生時，他們往往輕微，可能包括疲勞，發燒，食慾不振，噁心，頭痛，肌肉酸痛，疼痛靠近肝臟和黃疸 （一變黃皮膚和白人的眼睛） 。

Children are less likely than adults to exhibit symptoms of hepatitis B.兒童比成人不太可能表現出症狀， B型肝炎

Because hepatitis B may produce no symptoms, many infected people do not know that they are infected.由於B型肝炎可能會產生沒有症狀，許多感染者並不知道自己已經感染。

What causes hepatitis B? 是什麼原因導致B型肝炎？

The hepatitis B virus passes from one person to another through body fluids, such as blood, semen and vaginal secretions.乙型肝炎病毒從一個人傳遞到另一個通過體液，如血液，精液和陰道分泌物。 The hepatitis B virus can be spread from a mother to her child during birth.乙型肝炎病毒可傳染給她的母親在孩子出生。 Other common causes of transmission include:其他常見的原因傳輸包括：

* Sexual contact性接觸
* Sharing needles among intravenous drug users共用針頭靜脈注射毒品使用者之間
* Sharing razors, toothbrushes or nail clippers共用剃須刀，牙刷或指甲刀
* Being exposed to wounds, blood, or secretions from infected persons受到創傷，血液或分泌物感染者

How is hepatitis B diagnosed? 乙型肝炎是怎樣診斷的？

Hepatitis B is diagnosed with a blood test. B型肝炎診斷為血液測試。 The test may include several markers of HBV infection that show whether you a) are immune to hepatitis B (protected), b) have never been exposed to hepatitis B, or c) are infected with hepatitis B. If the results are not conclusive, your doctor may choose to conduct additional tests.該測試可能包括一些標誌乙型肝炎病毒感染，表明您是否a ）是B型肝炎免疫（保護） ， B級）從來沒有接觸到B型肝炎，或c ）被感染乙型肝炎如果結果不是決定性的，你的醫生可能會選擇進行更多的測試。

The hepatitis B blood test is not included in routine blood tests. B型肝炎驗血是不包括在例行驗血。 If you are at risk for hepatitis B, or if you are concerned about hepatitis B, don't hesitate to talk to your doctor about testing and vaccination.如果你處於危險的B型肝炎，或如果您擔心乙型肝炎，請不要猶豫，向您的醫生詢問測試和疫苗接種。

Some people learn they have the disease or have had it in the past when they volunteer to donate blood.有些人學習他們的疾病或已在過去當他們自願獻血。 All blood donation centers test for current and past hepatitis B infections and reject anyone who was ever infected.所有捐血中心檢驗當前和過去的B型肝炎感染和誰是反對任何人都受到感染。

How is hepatitis B treated? 乙型肝炎是怎樣治療？

Medicines are not used to treat acute hepatitis B because the disease usually goes away on its own.藥品不被用來治療急性乙型肝炎，因為這種疾病通常是消失了自己。

If you have been diagnosed with acute hepatitis B you must see your doctor for follow-up blood tests to make sure your body clears the virus.如果您被確診患有急性乙型肝炎你必須看到你的醫生為後續抽血化驗，以確保您的身體清除病毒。 After the virus has been cleared from your body, you will be protected for life and will never get hepatitis B again.之後，病毒已被清除從你的身體，你將得到保護生命和永遠不會乙型肝炎一次。

If you have acute hepatitis B, you should reduce the pace of your daily activities to match any loss of energy.如果您有急性乙型肝炎，你應該減少的速度您的日常活動相匹配的任何損失的能量。 A balanced diet with plenty of fluids is also helpful.均衡的飲食與充足的液體也是有益的。 Your liver's ability to break down drugs is weakened while you have hepatitis B and alcohol can cause further damage to your liver.你的肝臟的能力，打破毒品被削弱，而你有B型肝炎和酒精可能導致進一步的損害你的肝臟。 Therefore you should not take any drug or herbal supplement unless approved by your doctor, and avoid alcohol.因此你不應該採取任何藥物或草藥補充，除非你的醫生的批准，並避免喝酒。

Some people with chronic hepatitis B may need antiviral medications to suppress the virus and prevent further damage to their liver.有些人慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒的藥物可能需要抑制病毒，並防止進一步損害肝臟。 If you have chronic hepatitis B, you should see a doctor even if you have no symptoms.如果您有慢性乙型肝炎，你應該去看醫生，即使你沒有任何症狀。 Your doctor will order blood tests to check if you have high or low levels of the virus and if you have mild or severe liver damage, which will help determine if you should take antiviral medications.您的醫生將為了抽血化驗，以檢查您是否有高或低級別的病毒，如果您有輕度或重度肝損害，這將有助於確定是否應採取抗病毒藥品。 FDA-approved treatments for hepatitis B include interferon alfa-2b and peginterferon alfa-2a which are given as injections, and lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, and entecavir which are given as pills. FDA批准治療B型肝炎包括干擾素 α - 2b干擾素和聚乙二醇化α - 2A型是由於注射，和拉米夫定，阿德福韋酯和恩替卡韋是作為藥片。

Everyone with chronic hepatitis B should see a doctor and have blood tests regularly to monitor the level of the virus and severity of liver damage.每個人都與慢性乙型肝炎應該去看醫生，並定期抽血化驗，以監測病毒的水平和嚴重程度損害肝臟。 Your doctor may also order tests to see if you have early-stage liver cancer.您的醫生也可能為了測試，看看您是否有早期肝癌。

How do I talk to my doctor about hepatitis B? 我如何跟我的醫生乙型肝炎？

If you are getting tested for hepatitis B, ask your doctor to explain the test results to you and tell you what they mean.如果您收到測試乙型肝炎，詢問您的醫生解釋測試結果給你，告訴你他們的意思。 Make sure you understand whether you have chronic hepatitis B infection, were infected in the past or have never been infected.確保您了解您是否有慢性B型肝炎感染，受到感染或在過去從來沒有被感染。

If you are diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B, ask your doctor: 如果您被診斷為慢性乙型肝炎，詢問您的醫生：

* “Do I have high or low virus level?” “我有高或低病毒水平？ ”
* “Do I have mild or severe liver damage?” “我有輕度或重度肝損害？ ”
* “What are my chances of developing cirrhosis or liver cancer?” “什麼是我的機會，發展中國家肝硬化或肝癌？ ”
* “Do I need to have my family tested?” “我需要有我的家人進行測試？ ”
* “Do I need to receive treatment for hepatitis B?” “我是否需要接受治療乙型肝炎？ ”
* “How will treatment help me?” “如何治療能幫助我嗎？ ”
* “What treatment do you recommend? “你有什麼治療建議？ What do I need to know about my treatment?”我需要怎麼知道我的待遇？ “
* “How long will I need to be treated? “多長時間我需要治療？ When can I expect to see the results from the treatment?”我什麼時候可以期望看到的結果，治療？ “
* “How will you assess whether the treatment is working for me?” “您將如何評估是否治療工作適合我呢？ ”
* “What should I do if I have side effects? “我應該怎麼做，如果我有副作用？ Is there anything I can take to help the side effects go away?”有什麼我可以幫助副作用走？ “
* “If I do not need to receive treatment now, how often should I be tested?” “如果我並不需要接受治療，現在我應該多久進行測試？ ”
* “Should I take any special precautions to avoid infecting others?” “應採取的任何特殊預防措施，以避免傳染他人？ ”

If I have chronic hepatitis B, what can I do to help keep myself and others healthy? 如果我有慢性B型肝炎，可以採取哪些措施來幫助自己和他人的健康？

It is recommended that anyone with hepatitis B should tell their doctors and dentist.有人建議，任何乙肝應該告訴他們的醫生和牙醫。 You should also:您還應該：

* Be under the care of a doctor who specializes in the liver.受到照顧專業醫生誰在肝臟。
* Stay on any prescribed medications and keep all your medical appointments.留在任何處方藥，並保持您的所有醫療任用。
* Get the hepatitis A vaccination to protect yourself from another liver infection.獲得A型肝炎疫苗接種，以保護自己免受另一個肝臟感染。
* Maintain a healthy lifestyle by eating nutritious meals, getting exercise, resting when you feel tired and avoiding alcohol and illegal drugs.保持健康的生活方式吃營養餐，讓運動，休息時，你感到疲倦和避免酒精和非法藥物。
* Use only drugs and supplements that your doctor has approved.只用藥物和補充，您的醫生已批准。
* Take precautions to avoid spreading the disease through the exchange of body fluids with sexual partners.採取預防措施，以避免傳染疾病通過交換體液的性伴侶。
* Avoid spreading your blood to others.避免將你的血液給他人。 Don't share razors, toothbrushes or nail clippers.不共用剃須刀，牙刷或指甲刀。

Who is at risk for hepatitis B? 誰是B型肝炎的危險？

Anyone who is exposed to the blood or body fluids of an infected person is at risk of getting hepatitis B. In addition, immigrants from areas where hepatitis B is common, such as Central and Southeast Asia, Africa, and East Europe, are at risk of having chronic hepatitis infection.誰是人接觸到血液或體液的感染者是越來越危險的B型肝炎此外，移民地區， B型肝炎是常見的，如中央和東南亞，非洲和東歐，有危險有慢性肝炎的感染。 Children of immigrants from these regions are also at risk because the virus can be passed from mother to child during birth or from other household members.移民子女從這些地區的也有危險，因為病毒可以通過母嬰在分娩或其他家庭成員。

You may also be at risk of getting hepatitis B if you:您可能還可能獲得乙型肝炎如果您：

* Are exposed to blood or bodily secretions on the job, as a first aid or emergency worker, firefighter, mortician, embalmer, police officer or health care worker接觸到血液或身體分泌物的工作，作為急救或緊急工人，消防隊員， mortician ， embalmer ，警務人員或衛生保健工作者
* Live in the same household with an infected person生活在同一家庭的感染者
* Have unprotected sex with an infected person or have more than one sexual partner有不安全的性行為，受感染的人或有一個以上的性伴侶
* Inject illicit drugs注射毒品
* Have hemophilia有血友病
* Work or are a patient in a health care or long-term care facility工作或病人在醫療保健或長期照護機構
* Work or are incarcerated in a prison工作或者被關押在一所監獄
* Get a tattoo in unsterile conditions獲得紋身在unsterile條件
* Stay for more than a few months in countries where hepatitis B is common逗留超過幾個月的國家中是常見的B型肝炎
* Are a hemodialysis patient是血液透析病人

What is the best way to prevent hepatitis B? 什麼是最好的方式 ， 以防止乙型肝炎？

Vaccination is the best way to prevent hepatitis B because it gives you long term immunity.接種疫苗是最好的方式，以防止乙肝，因為它給你長期的豁免權。 The hepatitis B vaccine is given in three doses.乙型肝炎疫苗是服用三次。 The first two doses are given a month apart; the final dose is given about six months later.頭兩個劑量給予一個月除了;最後劑量是大約半年後。 Vaccination is recommended for:疫苗接種建議：

* All newborns, infants, children and teenagers所有新生兒，嬰幼兒，兒童和青少年
* Health care and emergency workers醫療保健和緊急救援人員
* Hemodialysis patients血液透析患者
* Patients with chronic liver disease慢性肝病患者
* Military personnel軍事人員
* Morticians and embalmers Morticians和embalmers
* Patients and staff at institutions for the developmentally challenged病人和工作人員在機構發展上的挑戰
* Prison inmates監獄囚犯
* People with multiple sexual partners人有多個性伴侶
* Men who have sex with men男子誰發生性關係的男人
* Injection drug users靜脈吸毒
* Sexual partners and household members of people with hepatitis B性夥伴和家庭成員的人與B型肝炎
* International travelers who expect to have close contact with residents in countries or regions where there is a high rate of hepatitis B infection國際旅行者誰希望有密切接觸的居民在國家或地區有很高的乙型肝炎病毒感染
* Members of ethnic or racial groups with a high rate of hepatitis B infection (including Asian Americans, African Americans, Latino Americans, Native Americans and Alaskan Natives)成員的民族或種族群體的比例很高乙型肝炎病毒感染（包括亞裔美國人，非洲裔美國人，拉丁裔美國人，土著美國人和阿拉斯加土著）